IPTC, International Press Telecommunications Council - https://iptc.org
arts, culture, entertainment and media
All forms of arts, entertainment, cultural heritage and media
crime, law and justice
The establishment and/or statement of the rules of behavior in society, the enforcement of these rules, breaches of the rules, the punishment of offenders and the organizations and bodies involved in these activities
disaster, accident and emergency incident
Man made or natural event resulting in loss of life or injury to living creatures and/or damage to inanimate objects or property
economy, business and finance
All matters concerning the planning, production and exchange of wealth.
education
All aspects of furthering knowledge, formally or informally
environment
The protection, damage, and condition of the ecosystem of the planet Earth and its surroundings
health
All aspects of physical and mental well-being
human interest
Item that discusses individuals, groups, animals, plants or other objects in an emotional way
labor
Social aspects, organizations, rules and conditions affecting the employment of human effort for the generation of wealth or provision of services and the economic support of the unemployed.
lifestyle and leisure
Activities undertaken for pleasure, relaxation or recreation outside paid employment, including eating and travel.
politics and government
Local, regional, national and international exercise of power, the day-to-day running of government, and the relationships between governing bodies and states.
religion
Belief systems, institutions and people who provide moral guidance to followers
science and technology
All aspects pertaining to human understanding of, as well as methodical study and research of natural, formal and social sciences, such as astronomy, linguistics or economics
society
The concerns, issues, affairs and institutions relevant to human social interactions, problems and welfare, such as poverty, human rights and family planning
sport
Competitive activity or skill that involves physical and/or mental effort and organizations and bodies involved in these activities
conflict, war and peace
Acts of socially or politically motivated protest or violence, military activities, geopolitical conflicts, as well as resolution efforts
weather
The study, prediction and reporting of meteorological phenomena
arts and entertainment
All forms of arts and entertainment
animation
Stories told through animated drawings in either full-length or short format
cartoon
Drawings, such as editorial cartoons and comic strips, often using humor or satire
movies
Stories told through motion pictures, such as full-length or short format documentary or fictional features
film festival
All forms of national and international film festivals
dance
A form of performing art consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement
ballet
A classical dance form based on formal gestures, steps and postures
modern dance
A theatrical dance style based on free-style expression rather than formal gestures
traditional dance
Dance style that reflects the life and culture of a specific group of people or region, such as folk and ceremonial dance
fashion
Styles and trends in clothing, footwear, accessories, including the design, presentation and wearing of these styles and trends
jewelry
Decorative items worn for personal expression and adornment, such as rings, necklaces, earrings
literature
The telling of a story through written language
drama (literature)
Work written to be performed on the stage
fiction
Written works that are not based on fact, but are the creation of the author's imagination
non-fiction
Written works that are based on fact
poetry
Written works that use the esthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to express a message or emotion
music
A form of performing art using instruments or voice to create different sounds, tones and harmonies
musical instrument
Objects used to play music on
musical performance
Musicians performing for an audience for the purpose of entertainment
musical genre
A distinguishable type of music
classical music
A genre of music rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both religious and secular music, such as symphony, concerto and sonata.
country music
A genre of music that originated in the southern United States, often consisting of ballads or dance tunes and featuring string instruments such as banjos, fiddles and guitars
folk music
A genre of music that developed from traditional popular cultures, often based on story telling
jazz music
A genre of music with roots in blues and ragtime that originated in African American communities of New Orleans in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
popular music
A genre of music that is widely accessible and designed to appeal to all
rock and roll music
A genre of music that originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, evolving from African American musical styles such as gospel, jump blues, jazz, boogie woogie, and rhythm and blues.
opera
A form of performing art where classically trained musicians and singers perform a musical and dramatic work
theater
A form of performing art where live performers portray a narrative to an audience through dialog and action
music theater
A form of performing art where live performers portray a narrative to an audience through song, dialog and action, such as musicals and operettas
visual arts
A form of art which appeals primarily to the visual senses, such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, and architecture.
architecture
The design of buildings, monuments and the spaces around them
design (visual arts)
An artistic discipline which focuses on visual communication and presentation, the final product of which can range from jewelry to interior design
drawing
A form of visual arts using mediums such as pencils, markers, pen and ink, charcoal
painting
A form of visual arts using mediums such as oil paint, watercolor, pastel, crayon
photography
A form of visual arts using photographic images
sculpture
A form of visual arts using mediums such as clay, stone, wood and metal to create three-dimensional works
culture
The ideas, customs, arts, traditions of a particular group of persons
cultural development
The history of the development of art and culture such as the rise of cave paintings, linguistic variations over time, the evolution of values
customs and tradition
A particular way of behaving, or observances that have developed over time by a group of people
festive event (culture)
An event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or traditions
language
The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of words that are used in a structured and conventional way
library and museum
Institutions that house collections of books, music, art, or objects from the past and present optionally for public use and display
monument and heritage site
Commemorations of historical people, events, or the areas containing them, in the form of structures such as sculptures, statues or buildings
mass media
Media addressing a large audience
news media
The presentation of news to the public through different platforms, such as TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, web pages and blogs
newspaper
Daily or weekly publication that presents the news, locally, regionally or globally, as well as features, opinion columns, comics and other content
online media outlet
Publication distributing content, such as articles, blogs, photos, video and music, only over the internet
periodical
Publication that is usually published weekly, bi-weekly, monthly or annually, such as magazines, journals or newsletters
radio
Audio content, such as news, entertainment or information, distributed via broadcast or internet
television
Video content, such as news, entertainment or information, distributed via broadcast or internet
act of terror
Act of violence, often resulting in casualties, designed to raise fear and anxiety in a population
act of bioterrorism
Attacks using biological agents intended to raise the level of fear within a population
terrorist bombings
Intentional use of explosive devices on people, buildings or other structures
armed conflict
Disputes between opposing groups involving the use of weapons, but not necessarily formally declared wars
guerrilla activity
Anti-government or wartime actions by clandestine or non-state combatant groups, often using tactics such as ambush, sabotage, raids and kidnapping
international military intervention
The temporary use of international forces in a country or region that requires outside help with resolving a crisis
peacekeeping force
The military forces of a nation, or of several nations working together, whose mission is to maintain peace in areas of conflict
military occupation
The temporary forceful taking over of a country or region by invading military forces
missing in action
Civilians or military personnel who have gone missing during or after hostilities, conflicts or war
war
Armed hostilities by one group or geopolitical entity against another
civil war
Armed conflict between members of the same country, in some cases with the goal of dividing the country
war crime action
Actions alleged as crimes committed during a war or armed conflict, usually against civilians or POWs
civil unrest
Rallies, strikes, demonstrations, riots or other disturbances by a population, often in protest to a government or other organization's policies or actions
protests and demonstrations
A non-violent public show of support for or opposition to a cause, idea or policy, in the form of a mass meeting or march
rebellion
Organized actions of opposition to a government or ruling party by a country's residents, often violent and with the aim of overthrowing the government
revolution
A forcible and often violent change to, or overthrow of, a country's political system or social order by internal forces, in favor of a new system
riot
Violent, destructive events of civil disorder by groups of people, usually in response to a grievance or as acts of opposition, often involving injury to individuals and destruction of property
coup d'etat
The overthrow of an established government by an organized military or political group
massacre
The mass killing of people, usually civilians, during wartime hostilities
genocide
The systematic killing of one clan, tribe, or religious or ethnic group by another
peace process
Organized actions to end a war or conflict, usually involving peace negotiations and agreements
peace envoy
Person or organization initiating and carrying out a peace process
peace plan
A strategy for achieving peace in a warring nation or area of conflict
peace talks
Discussions between countries, world regions or geopolitical entities in conflict or at war, often with a mediator, with the goal of arriving at a solution for peace
post-war reconstruction
Actions to rebuild a society, economy or political system in an area affected by war
disarmament
The abolishment or reduction of a country's military weapons cache
ordnance clearance
The removal or neutralization of ordnance such as landmines or cluster bombs that may remain after a war or armed conflict on public ground
prisoners of war
Individuals captured, imprisoned or detained by enemy factions during military conflicts or war
crime
Violations of laws by individuals, companies or organizations
arson
The intentional setting of fires with criminal intent
assault
Physical crime against a person, including battery, brawls and threat of bodily harm
sex crime
Sexual crimes against a person, such as rape, harassment, molestation or groping
cyber crime
Criminal activities carried out by means of computers or the internet, such as hacking, phishing scams and identity theft
corporate crime
Crimes committed by a corporation or by individuals acting on behalf of a corporation
anti-trust crime
Violations of laws aimed at corporations to promote fair competition for the benefit of consumers
breach of contract
The breaking of terms set in a contractual agreement
embezzlement
The intentional theft or misuse of money left in one's care or belonging to one's employer
insider trading
Trading of stocks by persons having access to internal information not made public at the time
restraint of trade
Interference in free competition in business and trade
corruption
Dishonest actions by a person in power in return for pecuniary or personal gain
bribery
The giving of money or favors in order to influence the judgment or conduct of a person in a position of power
drug related crimes
Illegal activities involving illicit substances, including buying, distribution, selling and smuggling
drug trafficking
Dealing in illicit often harmful substances
fraud
Intentional deception for personal or financial gain
hijacking
Taking over a transportation vehicle by force
homicide
The killing of one person by another, including murder and manslaughter
kidnapping
To seize and detain a person against that person's will by unlawful threat, force or fraud
organized crime
Crimes committed by gangs or criminal organizations, such as the mafia
gang activity
Criminal activities by groups of individuals, who are allied by common territories, languages or ethnic backgrounds and identify by a common group identity by using a shared name, tattoo, hand sign, clothing style or graffiti symbol
terrorism
Violence against people to create fear in order to achieve political or ideological objectives
robbery and theft
The taking of another person's property without their consent, sometimes by force
war crime
Crimes committed during a war or armed conflict, usually against civilians or prisoners of war, including the prosecution of such crimes
judiciary
The system of courts of law
court
Place where legal cases are heard and decided
appeal (court)
Process in which parties request a formal change to an official decision
court administration
Court clerks, bailiffs, stenographers etc.
judge
Official who decides cases in a court of law and passes sentences on those found guilty
trial (court)
The process by which evidence is presented and guilt, innocence or culpability is determined
pre-trial
Actions that happen before the start of a trial, such as pleas, bail motions, discovery and depositions
defendant
The person on trial
litigation
Taking disputed issues to court for settlement by judge and/or jury
witness
A person who testifies
out of court procedures
Legal issues which are settled outside of court
arbitration and mediation
Resolution of disputed issues by a neutral panel, including conciliation, negotiation and tribunals
prosecution and prosecutors
The process of holding a trial against a person or entity who is accused of a crime to determine guilt and the lawyers and legal team who argue that the accused is guilty
justice
The equitable administration of laws and regulations
civil rights
Guarantees of protection to individuals freedom from violation by governments, political and social organizations, and other individuals as determined by the laws or constitutions of an individual country
law
The codification of rules of behavior
civil law
The system of law focused on private rights and disputes between individuals in such areas as contracts, torts, property, and family law
antitrust regulations
laws to promote competition between companies for the benefit of consumers
regulations
laws that guide the conduct and organization of business corporations
criminal law
The system of law concerned with the punishment of those who commit crimes
international law
The system of laws embraced by all nations, such as the Geneva Convention and the International Law of the Seas
extradition
Legal transfer of criminals or suspects between countries
international court and tribunal
The activities of courts under the authority of international organizations or formed by treaties between nations, such as the European Court for Human Rights and International Court of Justice
law enforcement
Agencies that attempt to prevent disobedience to established laws or bring to justice those who disobey those laws
arrest
The detention of a suspect of a crime
investigation (criminal)
Inquiry into an alleged crime, including searching, interviews, interrogations and evidence collection
missing person
An adult whose disappearance is possibly not voluntary, or a child whose whereabouts are unknown to the child's legal guardian
police
Civil force of a national, regional or local government that is responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order
sentencing (criminal)
The retribution handed out to those who break laws
capital punishment
The legally authorized execution of someone as punishment for a crime
fine (penalty)
Money that a court of law or other authority decides has to be paid as punishment for a crime or other offence
prison
Facility where people are held as a punishment for a crime they have committed or while awaiting trial
accident and emergency incident
A sudden, unexpected event that causes unwanted consequences or requires immediate action
explosion accident and incident
Explosions caused by an accidental, non-combat, or non-terrorism source. Also use when the source of the explosion is non-specified or unknown
industrial accident and incident
Any unplanned event or mishap in an industrial setting that result in injuries to people and damage to property or the environment
nuclear accident and incident
Any unplanned event that causes unwanted consequences involving radioactive materials
transportation accident and incident
An accident or incident involving one or more vehicles
air and space accident and incident
An accident or incident involving aircrafts or spacecrafts
maritime accident and incident
An accident or incident involving marine vessels.
railway accident and incident
An accident or incident involving trains.
road accident and incident
An accident or incident involving road vehicles.
disaster
A sudden, unplanned event that causes great damage or loss of life, such as an accident or a natural catastrophe
famine
Severe lack of food for a large population
fire
Fires started by an accidental or unknown source. For wildfires, use wildfire. For fires started with a criminal intent, use arson.
natural disaster
Destructive incidents caused by nature, such as earthquakes and floods
drought
A severe lack of water over a period of time
earthquake
The shifting of the tectonic plates of the Earth, creating in some cases damage to structures
flood
Surfeit of water, caused by heavy rains or melting snow, usually in places where it's not wanted
landslide
Sudden dislodging of massive amounts of snow or soil
avalanche
A sudden fall of snow, ice, rock, or mud down the side of a mountain
meteorological disaster
A weather-related disaster
windstorms
A storm with very strong wind but little or no rain or snow
volcanic eruption
A rupture in the crust of the Earth allowing molten material to escape to the surface
emergency incident
A sudden, unexpected event that requires immediate action to prevent serious consequences
structural failure
The unexpected collapse of a building, bridge or other structure
transport incident
An incident involving one or more vehicles
air and space incident
Incident involving craft in air or space.
maritime incident
Incident involving marine vessels.
railway incident
Incident involving trains.
road incident
Incident involving road vehicles.
emergency planning
Planning for actions to deal with sudden, unplanned events
emergency response
The planning and efforts made by people and organizations to help victims of a sudden, unplanned event, natural disaster or crisis
business information
Information about individual business entities, including companies, corporations, charities
business finance
A business entity's finances
accounting and audit
Changes regarding applicable accounting rules and the audit of accounting
analysts comment
Stock analyst comments, analysis and recommendations.
bankruptcy
News about actual bankruptcy filings.
stock buyback
Corporate actions in which companies buy back their own shares
credit rating
Formal statements by certain rating agencies on the investment risk of a company or enterprise
corporate dividends
Distribution of company profits to shareholders via dividend payments
corporate earnings
Announcements and discussions of corporate earnings
earnings forecast
Analyst prediction of company earnings.
financial statement
Formal statements about the company financials typically delivered annually or quarterly
proxy filing
Filings with regulatory agencies of proxy statements for upcoming shareholder votes.
financially distressed company
Indications that a company is financially distressed but not having filed for bankruptcy yet
business financing
The financing, capital structuring, and investment decisions of a business
restructuring and recapitalization
The sale of company units, splits of existing companies into units under a holding company, etc.
shareholder activity
Actions taken by owners of one or more shares of a company, including shareholder activism
stock activity
Announcements of major stock events: splits, block trades, new highs or lows, etc.
stock flotation
The issuing of stock shares to the public for the first time, also called an Initial Public Offering (IPO)
human resources
People working for a business and how they are managed
layoffs and downsizing
Planned or actual reductions in the labor force.
executive officer
Company executive officers including appointments and changes
stock option
An agreement to either buy or sell a stock when it meets a certain price, sometimes used as an incentive for employees and officers of a company
business strategy and marketing
Planning the direction of a company and selling its products and services to achieve the strategy
annual and special corporate meeting
News surrounding company reports and annual or special corporate meetings
annual report
Availability or contents of annual company reports.
board of directors
Appointments to or changes in the board of directors for a company.
commercial contract
Contracts regarding commercial activities
company spin-off
The creation of new companies being spun off from existing companies.
economic globalization
Doing business around the world
business governance
The rules, practices, and processes used to oversee and manage a company
joint venture
Two or more companies agreeing on a venture.
leveraged buyout
Acquiring control over a company by buying its shares with borrowed money.
licensing agreement
The document defining the terms for licensing intellectual property
management buyout
Acquiring control over a company by the management buying its shares.
merger or acquisition
Two or more companies forming a new company mergers, takeovers or acquisitions.
new product or service
The introduction of products or services to the market
patent, copyright and trademark
Intellectual properties such as patents, copyright and trademarks
product recall
A decision by a company to take back or repair a defective product
research and development
Research and expenditure on new product or service development
products and services
Products and services consumed by companies and individuals and the companies that manufacture or manage them
agriculture
The growing and raising of plants and animals for consumption and the processing, cleaning, packing or storage of these products
aquaculture
Growing plants or animals in water for human consumption
arable farming
The growing of plants on a large scale commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, grain or vegetable
commercial fishing
Fish farming and commercial activity around the catching of fish and seafood for consumption
forestry and timber
The production, collection and preparation of wood products
livestock farming
Raising of animals for their by-products, such as meat, eggs, milk, fur and wool
viniculture
Production of wines from the vines to the finished products
chemicals
Natural or manmade materials used to produce other materials
biotechnology business
The business of using engineering technology to study and solve problems of living organisms
fertilizer
Natural or manmade materials used to encourage the growth of plants
health and beauty product
Compilation of chemicals and other substances for use in enhancing ones looks or smell
inorganic chemical
The branch of chemistry dealing with minerals and metals
organic chemical
The branch of chemistry dealing with human, animal or carbon-based substances
pharmaceutical
The production of medicines from various chemicals and natural substances and the research and discovery around new medications
plastic
The production of plastics and issues around plastic consumption, including bans, recycling, using less plastics and plastic alternatives
computing and information technology
Computers and the transmission of information
computer and telecommunications hardware
Physical devices used to provide computer and telecommunication service, such as modems, keyboards, hard drives, telephones, routers and monitors
computer networking
The interconnectivity between hardware that provides the medium for the transmission of data.
satellite technology
Hardware and software that enables ground-based devices to send signals to each other via an orbiting satellite.
computer security
To encompass technical developments in hardware and software, basic research and related areas such as cyber security
semiconductor and electronic component
The basic components that together create working electronic devices such as computer chips, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits
software and applications
Computer programs including mobile or web apps and operating systems
telecommunication equipment
Devices such as telephone sets, voice/data switches, modems etc that facilitate point-to-point voice/data transmissions
telecommunication service
Services provided by commercial companies that facilitate connections between telephones and computers
wireless technology
Technology and services that permit the transfer of information between separated points without physical connection, including Bluetooth and Wi-Fi networks
construction and property
All items pertaining to the construction and sale of property
design and engineering
Design and planning by engineers, architects etc. of roads, offices, factories, dams , offshore structures.
farms
Agricultural areas for the production of foodstuffs, including dairy products, fruits and livestock, such as cattle and fish
heavy construction
Large scale construction projects, construction of roads, dams, office/factory buildings, offshore and onshore structures, large sport stadiums
house building
Construction of residences, for private use
land price
The price of land in specific zoned areas such as commercial, residential or arable as provided by a responsible body
real estate
The buying, selling, renting and leasing of properties of all types
restoration
Restoring historic or important properties or structures to a former better state by cleaning, repairing or rebuilding
consumer goods
Items produced for and sold to individuals
beverage
Liquid consumables, both alcoholic and non-alcoholic
clothing
The manufacturing and purchasing of apparel
department store
Store selling a variety of goods, such as clothing, housewares, jewelry and cosmetics
online shopping
Buying and selling items through the internet
grocery
The selling of edible goods for human consumption to the end customers
luxury good
Non-essential high-end goods, such as leather bags, jewelry or supercars
mail order
Items sold through and delivered by mail
non-durable good
Products meant to only be used for a short period of time
retail
The selling of goods directly to consumers
specialty store
Retail outlets that specialize in categories such as shoes, coats, power tools, etc
toy and game
Children's playthings or collectible items for adults, such as dolls, action figures and miniatures
wholesale
The first link in the sales chain after production
energy and resource
The use of natural resources to generate energy
renewable energy
Energy derived from sustainable sources
coal
Production and mining of anthracite and bituminous products for use in power production
diesel fuel
A distilled petroleum product heavier than gasoline used for trucks, marine engines, certain cars and in some forms for home heating
electricity
The power line distribution system and the sale of electrical power at wholesale and retail levels
energy industry
The energy industry, not focused on any specific sector
kerosene/paraffin
A light petroleum distillate used for cooking fuel, aircraft jet engines, lamps, heating and cleaning
natural gas
A natural resource, mainly methane in a flammable gaseous state extracted from the ground
nuclear power
Use of radioactive materials for power production
oil and gas - downstream activities
All matters concerning oil and gas, typically refining and distribution activities
oil and gas - upstream activities
All matters concerning oil and gas, typically supply chain activities from the reservoir to the refinery gate
gasoline
Distilled petroleum product used for automotive fuel, with or without additives
waste management
The collecting, disposing or recycling of household and business waste
water supply
The business of providing water for household and commercial use
financial and business service
Services that transmit, safeguard, keep track of money or provide backup to commercial enterprises
accountancy and auditing
Companies that provide balance sheet preparation and budget reconciliation services and examine accuracy of financial statements
auction
Auction houses and all types of auctions, such as police auctions and silent auctions
banking
Financial institutions and services for storing, transmitting, receiving and delivering money
consultancy
Providers of expert knowledge in a wide range of fields usually on a temporary, contract basis
employment agency
A service helping people find jobs, and companies to find workers
funeral home and crematorium
Companies that provide services for disposal of the dead
health care provider
Organizations and individuals that provide medical services at all levels
insurance
A risk-taking venture that allows individuals to pay small amounts periodically to guard financially against unexpected events
financial advisory service
Financial advisers, as opposed to stock dealers or consultants
janitorial service
Companies that provide cleaning and similar services for homes and businesses.
legal service
Lawyers, notaries and others who help companies and individuals deal with state, federal and local laws
market research
Gathering information about the needs and wants of consumers
market trend
Statistically significant consumer behavior.
personal finance
An individual's income and expenses
personal income
Money that a person earns and is his/hers to keep or spend
personal finance and investment
Investing an individual's savings in the hope of future gains
personal service
Consumer service that is intangible e.g. beauty care such as hairdressing
printing service
The production of printed matter such as flyers, ads, signs, etc.
rental service
Companies that provide items on a short-term rental basis, including motor vehicles, clothing, tools, heavy equipment and other supplies
shipping and postal service
Organizations that prepare and transport packages and documents for individuals or companies by any means, including postal services
stock broking
The buying and selling of company shares on behalf of individuals or other entities
wedding service
Services and products related to the wedding industry
manufacturing and engineering
Manufacturers of electrical, electronic and mechanical equipment but does not cover civil engineering.
aerospace
Companies that assemble or manufacture components for airplanes and space ships.
automotive
Companies that manufacture automotive components and assemble automobiles
defense equipment
Manufacturers of guns, tanks, ships or other equipment for military and non-military protection services
electrical appliance
Makers of large and small electrical goods for use in homes or business
heavy engineering
Manufacturers of engineering equipment, such as cranes and bulldozers, for use in major construction projects
industrial component
Manufacturers of mechanical, electrical, electronic items needed in the manufacture of other items
instrument engineering
Manufacturers of instruments for calibration, measurement of things like speed, pressure, distance
machine manufacturing
Manufacturers of turbines, engines, fans, pumps, motors and other components for powered equipment
shipbuilding
Manufacturers of ships and submersibles and suppliers for the maintenance and repair of these vessels
media and entertainment industry
The various means of disseminating news, information and entertainment to the public
advertising
Methods of promoting goods and services to consumers
books and publishing
The business of producing and selling books, including e-books and audiobooks
film industry
The business of making, selling and distributing films
music industry
Recording, production and marketing of music
news agency
Commercial agencies for production and distribution of newsworthy events through print, broadcast, video or electronic media
newspaper and magazine
The business of producing bound and unbound printed paper products for periodic distribution of news items
online media industry
The business of distributing news and information through computer networks for public consumption
public relations
The business of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization to the public in order to influence their perception
radio industry
Companies and organizations involved in the broadcast of radio stations and their content to the public
satellite and cable service
The business of transmitting news, entertainment and information via satellite or cable television services
television industry
The production and broadcasting of television content
metal and mineral mining and refining
The extractive businesses that remove raw materials, including coal, gold iron and copper, from the earth by drilling and pumping, quarrying or mining
building material
Manufacturing of the materials used in construction, such as wallboard, lumber and wire
precious material
The mining, refining and sale of materials such as gold, silver, precious metals, diamonds and rare earths
iron and steel
Mining, refining and sales of iron-based metals
mining
The industry of digging for metals, minerals, raw materials, such as coal, or precious gems, such as diamonds
non-ferrous metal
Mining, refining and sales of copper, zinc, aluminum, and other metals not based on iron
process industry
The business of turning raw materials into useable products
distiller and brewer
Manufacture of alcoholic beverages
beverage and grocery
The production and sale of foodstuffs
furnishings and furniture
Manufacture of furniture, wallpaper, paints and fabrics for interior decoration
paper and packaging product
Production of paper material for writing, wrapping, printing, or packaging
rubber product
Production of rubber-based materials for gloves, protective coatings, hoses and the like
soft drinks
Production of non-alcoholic drinks
textile and clothing
Production of fabrics for furnishings and fixtures, and for clothing of various types
tobacco and nicotine
The sale and manufacturing of tobacco products for consumers, including cigarettes, e-cigarettes and vaping cartridges
tourism and leisure industry
Commercial organizations and operations dealing with travel and the pursuit of recreational activities
casinos and gambling
Organisations providing outlets for betting money on games of chance or animal races
hotel and accommodation
The business of providing lodging to travelers
recreational and sporting goods
Manufacture of goods for leisure activities
restaurant and catering
The business of providing prepared food for customers
tour operator
Operators of trips either locally or internationally
transport
The means of getting people or goods from one place to another
air transport
The movement of passengers and freight by air
commuting
The process of getting to and from work, including transport options, travel networks, car pooling.
railway transport
The movement of passengers and freight by rail
road transport
The movement of passengers and freight by road
traffic
Traffic reports and/or warnings
waterway and maritime transport
Commercial movement of people or goods via boats, ships and water
economy
Production, consumption, distribution and trade activities affecting regions or countries as a whole
economic policy
Government-directed policy on the economy including, production, taxes and tariffs
economic trends and indicators
The behavior and performance of the economy as a whole
bonds
Corporate or governmental paper representing the loan of money at a fixed rate and for a fixed time to that company or government
budgets and budgeting
A method of balancing revenues against expenses
business enterprise
Organizations set up to create and sell a product or service
central bank
A country's major bank that sets interest rates and provides transfer of funds between commercial banks
consumers
Buyers of goods and services
consumer confidence
A measure of consumers' feelings about current and future economic conditions, including prices, inflation and the quality of retail goods, used as an indicator of the overall state of the economy
consumer issue
Issues, such as prices, inflation/deflation, quality of goods, at the retail sales level
credit and debt
Credit: the amount of money available to you, often by loan. Debt: the amount you owe.
currency
The system of money used by a country, including the value of one currency as measured against another
deflation
The decrease in the general price level of goods and services within an economy
economic growth
An increase of the gross domestic product (GDP)
economic indicator
Certain indexes, such as company inventories, the movement of prices that show whether the economy is improving or declining
gross domestic product
A measure of a region's economic performance, commonly abbreviated as GDP
industrial production
Manufacture of durable and non-durable goods
inventories
Goods not sold and held by the producer, wholesaler or retailer
productivity
A measure of output from production or service
economic organization
Business, industrial and trade associations, societies and other private-sector groups
emerging market
Economies of developing nations that are growing and becoming more engaged with global markets
employment statistics
Trends and statistics about areas such as job growth, unemployment and wage growth
exporting
The producing of manufacturing of goods by a country to be sold elsewhere
government aid
Supply of financial and other help by one government, usually to another
government debt
Debt incurred when a country borrows funds to pay for public services and projects that it cannot afford based on the amount of taxes it has raised
importing
A country bringing in goods that were produced or manufactured elsewhere
inflation
The overall increase in prices and cost of living throughout an economy
interest rates
The amount a lender charges a borrower as a percentage of the principal. Often set by a central bank or government.
international economic institution
Global institutions working in the domain of international economic cooperation and stability, such as the International Monetary Fund, UNIDO, World Bank and World Trade Organization
international trade
Trade of goods and services between nations
trade agreements
Agreements between countries or trading blocs for the sale and purchase of goods and services
balance of trade
The difference between the financial value of imports and exports
trade dispute
International dispute over issues such as trade barriers, cartels and dumping, resolved by the World Trade Organization
trade policy
Governmental decisions on tariffs, shipping, embargoes, and the types of goods and services to be imported and exported
investments
Speculative purchases of corporate instruments, of commodities, currencies, or parts thereof
monetary policy
Government bank directed policy on the amount of money in circulation and the rate at which it can be loaned
mortgages
Trends around loans taken out to buy homes, such as the interest rates of mortgages, the amount of people buying property with a mortgage and the ease of getting approved for a mortgage
mutual funds
Pools of shares or bonds for sale often grouped by investment intention, such as growth, income or security
prices
The monetary value of goods, services or stocks and bonds
recession
A decrease in gross domestic product over a period of two quarters in a row
tariff
Fees placed on imported or exported goods
market and exchange
Market for buying and selling stocks, currencies, commodities and other goods
commodities market
The market for goods such as cotton, oil, coal and metals
energy market
The market for commodities such as electricity, heat, and fuel products
metal
Markets for trading base metals such as copper, aluminum, steel, zinc etc
soft commodities market
Market for commodities such as cotton, sugar, sorghum, soybeans
debt market
Market for debt instruments such as bonds, certificates of deposit, banker's acceptances and Treasury bills
foreign exchange market
The market for international currency
loan market
The market where financial organizations provide loans to borrowers and sell them on to investors
loans and lending
An agreement by an individual or institution to borrow money with an agreed interest rate and time for its return
securities
Markets for trading types of company paper such as stocks and bonds
derivatives
Financial instruments such as futures, swaps and options that depend on an underlying instrument such as a commodity, bond, equity or currency
stocks and securities
Financial instruments such as company shares and bonds
parents group
Group of parents set up to support educational activities of their children
religious education
Instruction by any faith about that faith's principles and beliefs, including Sunday school or preparation for a religious rite, such as a bar mitzvah
school
A building or institution in which education is provided
primary education
Education and schools designed to provide students with fundamental skills in reading, writing and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for later learninEducation and schools designed to provide students with fundamental skills in reading, writing and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for later learning
further education
Any form of education beyond basic education of several levels
adult and continuing education
Education for adults who have left the formal education system that offers new forms of knowledge or skills, including professional certificates and online courses provided by companies such as Codeacademy or Udemy
upper secondary education
Education and schools preparing students for tertiary education or providing skills relevant to employment through a curriculum with an increased range of subject options and streams
college and university
Institutions of higher learning that provide degrees in a course of study at the undergraduate, postgraduate or doctorate level
college
Institution of higher learning, its specific scope is set differently in different countries
university
Institutions of higher learning capable of providing doctorate degrees
lower secondary education
Education and schools that build on primary education with a more subject-oriented curriculum. Schools may be called middle schools or junior highs in the United States.
early childhood education
Education for children under the national compulsory education age
social learning
The learning of social skills and behaviors through the imitation and observation of others. This can include formal and informal instruction around empathy, emotions and mental health.
teaching and learning
Either end of the education equation
curriculum
The courses offered by a learning institution and the regulation of those courses
educational testing and examinations
Polices and standards around the testing and assessment of students, including the merits of standardized testing, and testing methods
entrance examination
Exams for entering colleges, universities and all other higher and lower education institutions
students
Students as a demographic, including student protests and requests for change and trends among students
teachers
Teachers as a demographic, including teacher unions, teacher education and training and the criteria for teachers in various locations
climate change
All issues relating to extreme changes in climate, including rising global temperature, debate on the causes and solutions of global warming, greenhouse gases and ways to reduce emissions
global warming
This category includes all issues relating to global warming including temperature research, remote sensing on temperature trends, debate on global warming, ways to reduce emissions and carbon trading.
conservation
Preservation of the natural world, such as wilderness areas, flora and fauna
energy saving
Conservation of electrical, and other power sources
nature preserve
Land set aside for conservation and preservation of flora and fauna, such as national, state and provincial parks
environmental policy
Government programs and policies related to environmental issues, such as pollution, renewable energy and conservation
environmental pollution
The contamination of natural resources by harmful substances
air pollution
Contaminants affecting the quality of the air
environmental clean-up
The removal of hazardous materials from contaminated areas
Materials that are harmful to humans or animals if they are exposed to them, such as radiation, poison gases, chemicals, heavy metals, PCBs, mircoplastics and certain plant products
waste material
The environmental impact of waste, including recycling efforts
water pollution
Contaminants affecting the quality of water
natural resource
Assets afforded by nature without human intervention that can be used for various purposes, such as providing energy or industrial materials
energy resources
Such resources as coal, gas, wind, sunlight etc., used to generate heat, electricity and power
land resources
That portion of a nation or state that is above water and available for development either for profit or for the general good of the public
forest
Open areas of trees either available for public enjoyment, or for commercial purposes
mountain
Elevated land masses formed over the ages either by erosion, volcanic eruption, or movement of massive geographical formations called plates
population growth
People and their growth and development within a natural setting
The environmental impact of renewable energy, including solar, wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal
water
Environmental issues about bodies of water, including oceans, lakes, streams and reservoirs, as well as ice, glaciers and forms of precipitation
ocean
The body of salt water that covers nearly three fourths of the surface of the earth
river
Moving water areas bounded by land that extend from earth sources and meander through land areas to join with other water areas
wetland
Areas generally marshy and not either under water or dry land. Often related to aquifers for water quality and/or wildlife
nature
The natural world
ecosystem
Interacting organisms, such as plants, animals, and bacteria, and their environment
endangered species
Species in danger of disappearing due to factors such as changes in environment, hunting, human encroachment on their environment or changes in climate
invasive species
Non-native plants, animals or other organisms that cause harm to native species by outcompeting them, altering native habitats or disrupting ecosystems
disease and condition
Any health conditions affecting humans
cancer
A serious and often fatal disease caused when normal cells mutate into tumors
communicable disease
Diseases that can be transmitted from one person or animal to another
epidemic and pandemic
A disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, region or that has spread to multiple countries or continents across the world
plague (disease)
A highly infectious epidemic disease caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria
viral disease
Diseases caused by an infection by viruses
HIV and AIDS
HIV, a virus that attacks the body's immune system, and AIDS the disease caused by HIV
retrovirus
A family of RNA viruses such as those causing leukemia and AIDS
heart disease
Diseases and conditions affecting the heart such as heart attacks, the narrowing of arteries, arrhythmia or cardiomyopathy
illness
Non-specific maladies such as stomach aches, headaches, flat feet, lumbago
injury
Harm caused to the human body by external forces such as falls, weapons or accidents
medical condition
An abnormal condition that affects the structure and functioning of the body, such as chronic pain, high blood pressure or osteoporosis
mental health
The psychological well-being of an individual and the diseases and disorders that affect mood, thinking and behaviour as well as actions taken to bring improvement and awareness to these conditions
eating disorder
Anorexia, bulimia, overeating and similar illnesses
obesity
A condition of body weight generally considered 20 percent above the norm for gender, age, height and bone structure
health facility
Facilities used for any kind of health care
hospital
Medical facilities for the treatment of illnesses and injury
health organization
Specific health organizations, including professional associations, non-profit and international groups
health treatment and procedure
Remedies, therapies, interventions, medications, testing and treatments to prevent, diagnose, manage or improve a health condition
diet
Ways of eating to benefit health or treat a condition, such as plant-based, low-salt, high-fibre or gluten-free
dietary supplement
Nutrients taken in addition to food to bolster health
non-prescription drug
Chemical substances used in the treatment or prevention of physical or mental condition or disease
prescription drugs
Drugs that can be obtained only with a doctor's authorisation
medical test
Diagnostic procedure, such as stress test, blood test, CAT scan or MRI
health care approach
Different approaches to medical care that vary in the methods and substances used to treat symptoms
herbal medicine
Treatment based on the use of herbs and other plants to cure or alleviate symptoms
holistic medicine
Treatment of the whole person including mental and environmental factors in addition to treating symptoms
traditional Chinese medicine
The practice of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease based on traditional methods developed in Eastern Asia
conventional medicine
The practice of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease based on modern scientific research
physical fitness
The measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively during work and leisure activities.
preventative medicine
Substances used to prevent diseases or illnesses
vaccine
Medications designed to create immunity to diseases
therapy
Treatment of physical, mental or medical conditions by non-surgical means
healthcare policy
Government programs and policies related to healthcare such as drug policies, psychiatric care, health care funding and pandemic response
government health care
Health care provided by governments at any level
Medicaid
A program of the U.S. government to provide health care to needy citizens of all ages
Medicare
A program of the U.S. government to provide health care to senior citizens
health insurance
Insurance covering medical costs
private health care
Health care provided by private organizations
medical profession
Profession requiring formal training in the study, diagnosis, treatment, care and prevention of disease, medical condition or injury
medical service
Medical support for doctors, including blood tests and other medical tests on individuals, X-rays, CAT scans, MRIs, etc
medical specialization
The different medical specialist areas
geriatric medicine
Speciality into ageing and age-related issues including age-related illnesses, medical research, and trends.
obstetrics/gynecology
Specialty of female reproductive organs
pediatrics
Medical specialization that focuses on treating the young, including premature babies, infant care, childhood diseases and teenage health and behaviour problems
reproductive medicine
Speciality of reproductive technologies like invitro fertilization
medical staff
Doctors, nurses, interns and others in a medical facility
non-human diseases
Any harmful or destructive health condition affecting animals, plants or microorganisms.
animal disease
Diseases that affect animals on a wide scale, including zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza
plant disease
Disorders affecting plants caused by factors such as parasites, fungi, bacteria, physical injuries or environmental factors
accomplishment
Achievements by individuals or groups, animals, plants or other objects, such as winning a competitive contest etc
award and prize
The recognition of an achievement in a field in the form of a symbolic item, such as a plaque or trophy or in the form of a monetary gift, such as a cash prize or grant, given by a government or private institution
record and achievement
Non-sport achievement by an individual or group that sets a new record, such as most books read or holding one's breath the longest
animal
All animals, including pets, wildlife, insects, and livestock
ceremony
Rituals, such as dedications, wreath laying or celebrating the launching of a ship
people
Individuals or groups with a focus on emotional facets
human mishap
Silly or stupid human errors
high society
Life and behaviour of the rich and socialites
celebrity
Life and behavior of famous people
royalty
Imperial and royal family members in their societal rather than governmental roles
flowers and plants
All plants, including flowers, trees, and shrubs
employment
The state of having work, usually paid, for a company, organization, or individual
apprenticeship
A period of work used to learn a skill or trade
child labor
The employment of children
employee
Those who are paid or otherwise compensated for providing services to employers
employer
People and organizations that pay employees to provide services
employment training
Learning new skills as part of an existing job, such as developing specializations, learning new techniques or retraining when an employee's skills are no longer relevant
advanced training
Additional training to enhance current skills
retraining
Providing a worker training in new skills when his old skills are no longer applicable
occupations
Generally one's trade, profession or business although professions are usually such things as lawyers and doctors, and occupations are such as clerks or truckers
wages and benefits
Money, or other items of value such as pension contributions and health insurance, paid to employees as compensation for their work
employee benefits
Benefits provided to an employee by a company, such as pension contributions, health insurance.
social security
a government system that provides monetary assistance to people with inadequate or no incomes, such as retirees, disabled people or caregivers
employment legislation
Laws governing employment
workplace health and safety
Laws protecting a safe and healthy work environment
labor market
The supply and demand of labor in an economy
labor relations
The relationship between workers and employers
collective agreements
Negotiated guidelines for relationships between groups of employees and employers, including issues such as working hours, wages, health care, pensions and other benefits
contract issue-healthcare
Element of contracts and contract discussions centering on health care issues
contract issue-wages
Element of contracts and contract discussions centering on remuneration
contract issue-work rules
Element of contracts and contract discussions centering on rules affecting issues such as lunch and other breaks, work shifts, vacation scheduling, seniority, sick leave etc.
labor dispute
Disagreements between employers and employees regarding work conditions, pay or other issues
labor strike
Groups of employees agreeing to cease work activities with the aim of achieving better pay or work conditions
retirement
The years after work
pension
Payments, either government or private, to retired people
unemployment
The state of being available to work but not having a job
job layoffs
The reduction of a company's work force through dismissal because of changing economic factors
unemployment benefits
Monetary compensation paid to the jobless
unions
Groups established to represent bodies of workers in order to obtain better workplace conditions through collective bargaining
leisure
Activities carried out in ones' spare time and not in a competitive way.
club and association
organizations joined by individuals because of similar interests
game
Contests generally for one's amusement
board game
A game played on a board
card game
A game played with a pack of cards
children's game
A game designed for and most often played by children
dice game
A game played using dice only
outdoor game
A game played in an open space
puzzle
A game played solving logic problems for entertainment
tile game
A game played using tiles
video game
A game played using a video display
gaming and lottery
Gambling, often involving selection of sets of numbers one expects to come up
hobby
Recreational pursuit
vacation
Time spent not at work for rest and relaxation
public holiday
A day of celebration declared by a government
leisure venue
A place where people go to be entertained or amused
amusement park
A park providing various rides and entertainment attractions for both adults and children, including theme parks
bar
A business where drinks are prepared and served to the public for consumption on the premises
cafe
A small business where drinks and snacks are prepared and served - its specifics may depend on the local culture
nightclub
A commercial establishment providing music, or other entertainment along with food and drink to selected clientele
restaurant
A business where meals are prepared and served to the public
sports facilities
Gymnasiums, stadiums or arenas where sports events take place
outdoor recreational activities
Leisure activities engaged in the outdoors, most commonly in natural settings
fishing
A recreational activity involving the use of baits, lures, weapons and traps for the capture of aquatic species.
hunting
An activity involving the use of weapons or traps for the capturing of animals
travel and tourism
Spending time away from home in pursuit of recreation, relaxation or pleasure
tourism
Leisure travel involving visits to a number of locations and/or countries over an extended period of time, often as part of an organized group
lifestyle
The way in which a person lives, including their style and possessions
automobile enthusiasm
Interest in new and classic cars
bicycle enthusiasm
Interest in new and classic manpowered cycles
food and drink enthusiasm
Interest in eating and drinking
organic food
Food which is grown using no artificial fertilizers or chemical compounds
house and home
Interest in maintaining and decorating one's home
motorcycle enthusiasm
Interest in new and classic motor-powered cycles
trend
Interest in what is considered hip or popular at a certain point in time
election
The selection of government representatives by the casting of votes by the populace
citizens' initiative and recall
Political suggestions by non-government officials for corrective action, or for changes in existing rules and regulations
electoral system
The set of rules that determine how elections are conducted and how their results are determined, including discussions of the electoral college, ranked choice voting or the allocation of governmental seats
intergovernmental elections
Choosing individuals for the leadership of an international organization, such as the United Nations, European Union, NATO and World Bank
local elections
Choosing individuals for government at the city, village or county level
national elections
Choosing individuals for government at a national level
political campaigns
Campaigns for public office
campaign finance
The money that makes campaigns for public office possible
political candidates
Individuals who are chosen to stand for office
primary elections
Preliminary elections or caucuses to choose candidates to represent a political party in a regional or national election
referendum
Political proposals, laws and actions to be voted on by the entire voting body, including ballot measures and citizens' initiatives
state elections
Choosing individuals for government at a regional, state or province level
voting
The act of casting a ballot for a candidate, a party or an initiative in a political election, including voting machines, voting by mail or voter turnout
fundamental rights
The political, social, cultural and economic rights to which all people are entitled, usually upheld by law
censorship and freedom of speech
The right to express opinions without restraint and attempts to supress speech by an organization or individual
freedom of religion
The right to practice the religion of one's choosing and efforts to violate this right through the intimidation of believers or laws that encroach on religious rituals
freedom of the press
The right of the press to report on stories freely and efforts by governments, organizations or individuals to suppress, jail or kill journalists who are reporting the news
human rights
Rights entitled to be enjoyed by all people universally
government
The systems, institutions and people who run a political entity
civil and public service
The paid service by civilians for the government, and the often non-paid service of individuals for the benefit of others (public service)
government employee
Individuals employed by a government at all levels
public officials
Individuals, usually elected, who are in public service or commonly in the public eye.
constitution (law)
A basic framework that stands above all laws and regulations, specifying how a particular political entity is governed
national security
The protection of a political entity
armed forces
The organizations and individuals that serve as part of the military of a political entity
veterans' affairs
Care and provision for those who served in the military
military equipment
Equipment issued to members of the armed forces
military weaponry and equipment
The equipment and weapons used by armed forces and the trade of armaments between political entities
security measures (defense)
Means of making a nation, a state, a building or a person secure from harm and outside interference.
The philosophy of securing a nation and its borders, as well as the well-being of its citizens
espionage and intelligence
Covert collection of information
executive (government)
Branch of government that is responsible for implementing the laws passed by the legislative branch, sometimes led by a prime minister or president
government budget
The proposed expenses and revenues approved by the legislature.
public finance
The money of government used for paying for public programs and services and public debt
government department
Divisions of a government that concentrate on specific areas such as health, welfare, economy or war
head of state
Symbolic or actual chief representative of a nation, such as a monarch, president or emir
impeachment
The process of bringing a public official before a tribunal to answer charges of wrongdoing
local government
Authorities at borough, city or county level
minister or secretary (government)
Senior government official, either elected or appointed, who heads a government department or leads an initiative
national government
The ruling body of a nation
legislative body
A legislature of elected officials representing the people that has the authority to make laws
lower house (legislature)
Lower chamber of a legislative body, such as the US House of Representatives or UK House of Commons
upper house (legislature)
Senior chamber of a legislative body, such as the US Senate or UK House of Lords
regional government
Authorities at a level above the local and below the national, such as a state or province
safety of citizens
Government policies to protect the well-being of its citizens
taxation policy
Government programs and policies around the taxation of citizens and entities
government policy
An overall plan or course of action set out by a government intended to influence and guide decisions
nationalization
State takeover of private organizations or properties
privatization
The transfer of state-owned organizations or properties to private owners
state-owned enterprise
Enterprises owned partially or completely by the government
interior policy
Government policies affecting internal affairs
data protection policy
Efforts to protect personal information in written, oral or electronic form and regulations around what personal information can be collected by the government or other entities
housing and urban planning policy
Systematic planning of urban and suburban areas and the housing within those areas
policy towards indigenous people
Government progams and policies toward indigenous peoples, such as land allocation, rights protection and financial support
pension and welfare policy
Government policies supporting citizens financially through programs such as unemployment payments, pensions and financial support for the poor
personal data collection policy
The collection, by government or other entities of information on individuals
personal weapon control policy
Government policies and regulations around the personal ownership of firearms and other weapons
planning inquiries
Public hearings or planning inquiries on proposed constructions, e.g. Construction of water driven power station in a National Park.
immigration policy
Policies around immigration into a country such as who may immigrate to a country, how many people are allowed in each year, deportation of illegal immigrants and integration programs that help new immigrants assimilate to a country's culture
nuclear policy
Government policies around the production of use of nuclear power and weapons
regulation of industry
Government regulation dictating how companies operate
food and drink regulations
Government policies relating to the production and selling of food and drink, including ensuring food safety
international relations
Relations between nations through negotiation, treaty, or diplomacy
diplomacy
Negotiations between representatives of nations or groups of nations and the diplomats who are involved in the talks
summit meeting
Meetings between high-level government officials or heads of state for the purpose of diplomatic negotiations to ease international tensions or to discuss common goals
treaty
A written agreement between international entities that is binding under international law
economic sanction
Economic measures taken by one country or intergovernmental agency against another such as trade restrictions and embargoes
foreign aid
Support from one nation to another for purposes such as disaster, general economic development or diplomacy
international organization
Organization with members and functions that cross international borders
refugees and internally displaced people
People seeking shelter or asylum in another region because of some fear of persecution, conflict, or natural disaster in their own region
non-governmental organisation (NGO)
Groups officially outside of government that lobby, demonstrate or campaign on a wide range of issues such as economics, the environment and healthcare
political crisis
Conflict that rises to a level where, depending on events, governments can fall etc
political prisoners and dissenters
Individuals who put themselves at risk by expressing their political views and the imprisonment of individuals who speak out against a political authority
political process
The art or science of participating in the affairs of government, a state of political party
lobbying
The attempt by non-government bodies and individuals to affect the outcome of legislation through verbal, or other, persuasion
political parties and movements
Covers both formally recognized and informal political associations
political development
The creation and rise of political systems and the history of the people and nations that are associated with those systems.
political system
The form of government that is observed, recognised or otherwise declared by a society or state
democracy
Form of government in which the people hold the power, either directly or through elected officials
dictatorship
Form of government in which a single individual or a small group of individuals hold power without the consent of the people
belief systems
A set of beliefs prescribed by an institution or text often focusing on the worship of a higher power and the outlining of moral guidelines
Buddhism
An Asian religion founded in the 6th century BC in India based on the teachings of the Buddha with the goal of overcoming suffering and transcending desire and the individual self to achieve nirvana
Christianity
Religions that follow the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Bible
ecumenism
Relations between Christian churches
Mormonism
Christian religion founded in New York State in the 1820s that follows the teachings of Joseph Smith and the *Book of Mormon*
Old Catholic
Members of a catholic church which started in 1870 and denies the dogma of the infallibility of the pope
Christian Orthodoxy
Eastern rite churches which are characterized by their continuity with the apostolic church, their liturgy and their territorial churches, mainly in eastern and south-eastern Europe and the Middle East
Protestantism
Christian denominations that were formed through the 16th century Reformation movement
Anglican
Members of the worldwide Anglican communion which started in the 16th century in England as a breakaway church from the roman catholic church
Baptist
Members of a Christian church which only baptizes adults who truly believe in Christ
Lutheran
Christians who follow the teaching of reformer Martin Luther
Mennonite
Members of a 16th century Christian church which is against military service and baptizing infants
Methodist
Followers of John and Charles Wesley who tried to reform the Church of England in the 18th century and turned into a separate church
Reformed
Christians who follow the teaching of reformers Johannes Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli
Roman Catholic
Biggest Christian church worldwide tracing its origins back to Jesus Christ
concordat
Treaty between the Holy See and another country for the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs in the territory of the latter
Confucianism
A system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China and based on the teachings of the philosopher Confucius
cult
A group that consists of followers who are fully devoted to a charismatic leader. Members are sometimes exploited financially or subject to emotional or physical harm
Freemasonry
A secret international society based on the principles of brotherhood, charity and mutual aid
Hinduism
A religion and social system originating in India that includes a caste system, a belief in reincarnation and the worship of multiple deities
Islam
Monotheistic religion that considers Muhammad as a prophet and the Qur'an as holy scripture
Jainism
A religion beginning in the 7th-5th century BC in India that teaches a path to spiritual purity and enlightenment through a disciplined mode of life founded upon the tradition of ahimsa, nonviolence to all living creatures
Judaism
A monotheistic religion and culture that follows the teachings of the Torah
nature religion
Religions that believe nature and the natural world is an embodiment of divinity, sacredness or spiritual power, including indigenous religions practiced in various parts of the world, and modern Pagan faiths, such as Wicca
Zoroastrianism
A religion originating in ancient Iran following the teachings of the prophet Zoroaster, predicting the triumph of good over evil and exalting the benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its supreme being
Scientology
A set of beliefs and practices invented by American science fiction author L. Ron Hubbard asserting that a human is an immortal, spiritual being (Thetan) that is resident in a physical body
Shintoism
An indigenous Japanese polytheistic religion that revolves around kami, supernatural entities believed to inhabit all things
Sikhism
An Indian Dharmic religion that originated at the end of the 15th century CE in the Punjab region, developed from the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak
Taoism
A philosophical and spiritual tradition originating in the 4th century BCE in China which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists
Unificationism
A religion founded in 1954 in South Korea following the teachings of Rev. Syn Myung Moon and known for its mass wedding ceremonies
interreligious dialog
Any form of communication between religions
religious conflict
Conflicts involving religious differences
religious event
News regarding a religious event but not a festival or holiday
religious festival and holiday
Holy day or period of observance in a religion which is sometimes a public holiday
Christmas
Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. Is also celebrated by many as a secular holiday.
Easter
Christian festival commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Is also celebrated by many as a secular holiday.
Pentecost
Christian festival, celebrated on the 50th day after Easter commemorating the descent of the Holy Spirit, also known as Whitsun
Ramadan
Holy month of fasting in Islam concluding in Eid al-Fitr
Yom Kippur
Most solemn of Jewish religious holidays, observed on the 10th day of the lunar month of tishri by fasting and prayer from sunset to sundown the following day
religious ritual
Established religious rituals such as mass, baptism, prayer meetings and bar and bat mitzvah
religious facilities
Any facility where a group carries out its religious rites
church
A building used as a place of worship for the Christian religion
mosque
A building used as a place of worship for the Islamic religion
synagogue
A building used as a place of worship for the Jewish religion
temple
Generally an edifice identifiable as a place of worship
relations between religion and government
Matters arising from the relationship between religions and a government, including the question of whether churches should pay taxes, the push to keep religion out of publicly funded institutions and the freedom, or lack of to wear religious symbols in a school setting
religious leader
Person or persons who have a ritual, juridical or otherwise leading role in their respective church or religion
pope
Head of the Roman Catholic Church worldwide
religious text
Texts regarded as holy or important by a religion
Bible
Holy book of Christianity
Qur'an
Holy book of Islam
Torah
Holy book of Judaism
biomedical science
The application of biology-based science to medical fields such as research, health monitoring or medical treatment
biotechnology
The scientific manipulation of living organisms and biological processes for scientific, medical or agricultural purposes
dentistry
The medical profession and field of study devoted to diagnosing, preventing and treating oral conditions
pharmacology
The medical profession and field of study concerned with the uses, modes of action and effects of pharmaceutical agents
veterinary medicine
The medical profession and field of study devoted to diagnosis, prevention and treatment of medical conditions in animals
mathematics
The study of structure, space, change and number in abstract, often using symbolic logic and language, and including subjects such as geometry, algebra or trigonometry
mechanical engineering
The study and application of the design, construction and operation of mechanical systems
natural science
The sciences that deal with matter, energy and the physical world, including physics, biology, chemistry and astronomy
astronomy
The study of celestial objects through direct observation and theoretical models
biology
The study of the anatomy, behavior, origin, physiology and other aspects of living organisms
botany
The study of the physical and physiological structure, genetics, ecology and other aspects of plants
genetics
The study of genes in living organisms, and of their role in heredity, development or genetic adaptation
paleontology
The study of prehistoric life forms, geological periods and fossils
physiology
The study of the vital processes, internal organs or functional mechanisms of living organisms
zoology
The study of the biology, physiology, development, behavior or other aspects of animals
chemistry
The study of the composition and properties of matter on the scale of atoms and molecules, and of the reactions between compounds
cosmology
The study of the origin, evolution, organization and structure of the universe
geology
The study of Earth's physical processes, material structures and its properties
horticulture
The study and art of plant cultivation, including landscape and garden design and plant conservation
marine science
The study of living organisms and environments in saltwater ecosystems
meteorology
The study of atmospheric chemistry and physics, with a focus on weather forecasting
physics
The study of the movement and structure of matter, and how it relates to energy
electromagnetism
The study of the physical interactions between electrically charged particles and magnetic fields
nuclear physics
The study of the structure and behavior of atomic nuclei
particle physics
The study of the nature, properties and interactions of the elementary particles that constitute matter
scientific research
The scientific and methodical investigation of events, procedures and interactions to explain why they occur, or to find solutions for problems
scientific innovation
The development or creation of new scientific or technological products or processes, such as biotech or artificial intelligence applications, robotic limbs or nanoscale cameras
medical research
Investigation conducted in the fields of health and medicine, such as genetic studies, disease research or pharmaceutical drug trials
scientific exploration
Land, sea or space journeys undertaken to discover new information
space exploration
The scientific exploration of outer space through manned and unmanned missions
scientific publication
Academic research findings published in a journal, book or thesis
scientific institution
Institution that carries out or governs scientific work, such as the National Academy of Arts and Sciences
social sciences
The study of human society in such aspects as linguistics, anthropology, economics or sociology
anthropology
The study of human behavior and social interactions across time
archeology
The study of human activity throughout time and cultural history, using artefacts left behind by ancient peoples
economics
The study of the laws and principles of economies, such as the production and distribution of goods and services
geography
The study of the physical features of the surface of Earth and its political divisions
history
The study of human events of the past
information science
The study and practice of collecting, classifying, storing, retrieving and disseminating information
study of law
The study of legal systems and the philosophy of law
linguistics
The study of all aspects of human language such as syntax, phonetics, written and spoken forms and variations over time
philosophy
The study of the principles and fundamental questions about matters such as the mind, reason, morality or values
political science
The study of the principles of political and governmental systems, political thought and practices
psychology
The study of the human mind, mental characteristics and emotional processes
sociology
The study of human social organization, social relationships and societal changes
scientific standards
Nationally or internationally established rules governing scientific and technological study and development, such as calibration standards for scientific tools or equipment
technology and engineering
The study and practice of industrial or applied sciences such as physics, hydrodynamics or thermodynamics
aerospace engineering
The study, design, development and construction of aircraft, spacecraft and missile systems
rocketry
The study, design, development and construction of rockets
agricultural technology
The study and development of techniques and machinery to improve agricultural management and productivity
civil engineering
The study, design, development and construction of structures such as buildings, bridges, tunnels, irrigation and sewage systems, streets or railroads
electronic engineering
The study, design, development and application of systems built on the exchange of electrical charges, such as consumer devices, communications systems or industrial computers
identification technology
The study, development, application and ethical considerations of technological methods for identifying products, animals or people; including radio frequency, biometrics or face recognition
information technology and computer science
The study and design of computer systems, software and networks
materials science
The study of the composition, structure and properties of materials for their use in industry and manufacturing
micro science
The study of and technologies built at a microscopic scale, such as microbiology or microcomputing
nanotechnology
Manipulating objects at the molecular scale
communities
A group of individuals actively sharing a common value or interest
social networking
Social interactions, either in person or online, intended to share information and build relationships around common interests
demographics
The study of human populations and their characteristics, for example statistics or trends around aging populations in a particular geographic region
immigration
The movement of individuals or groups of people from one country to another
emigration
Leaving one's country of residence to settle permanently elsewhere
illegal immigration
The movement of individuals or groups of people from one country to another without legal authorization from the destination country
population and census
The official count of people living in a given geopolitical area, usually carried out by a governmental body
discrimination
Unfair treatment of, or policies or practices against, individuals or groups of people on the basis of real or perceived membership in a group, such as race, sexual orientation, political or religious beliefs, age or height
ageism
Discrimination against individuals or groups of people on the basis of age
racism
Discrimination against individuals or groups of people on the basis of race
religious discrimination
Unfair treatment of individuals or groups of people on the basis of their religious belief
sexism
Discrimination against individuals or groups of people, usually women, on the basis of gender
family
A group of people related genetically or by a legal bond, or who consider themselves part of a familial unit regardless of genetic or legal status
adoption
The legal process of transferring parental rights to someone other than a person's birth parents, that person usually being a child
Dating and Relationships
The development of an intimate connection between individuals, through various forms of activities enjoyed together, often leading to a legal or permanent union such as marriage
divorce
The process by which a marriage is legally dissolved
family planning
Services and education aimed at informing individual decisions about reproduction, such as fertility, in vitro fertilisation, contraception or abortion
abortion
The intentional termination of a pregnancy for elective or medical reasons
marriage
The legal or socially recognized union of individuals, which establishes rights and obligations between them
parenting
The caring for and support of a child's physical, emotional, developmental and social needs from birth to adulthood
demographic group
A subset of society with shared traits
adults
People above an age set by law that entitles them to full liability and certain privileges such as the legal right to drink alcoholic beverages and to vote
children
Young people, usually pre-pubescent, who are legally considered minors and are in a guardianship relationship with adults
disabilities
Physical or mental conditions that limit a person's movements, senses, or activities
LGBTQ
People who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer
gender
The classification of individuals as male, female, or a non-binary designation
infants
Very young people, usually defined as being just born up to the age of two
national or ethnic minority
Groups of people that form a minority on an ethnic or national basis, and their status or issues relating to the majority
nuclear radiation victims
Includes antinuclear movements and compensation for atomic blast victims.
senior citizens
People having passed the age of retirement
teenagers
Young people between the ages that describe childhood and adulthood
social condition
The circumstances or state of affairs affecting a person's life, welfare and relations with others in a society
homelessness
The social condition defined by lack of permanent residence, living in shelters or on streets, and the issues and problems associated with it
poverty
The lack of sufficient resources and means to provide basic needs such as food, clothing or shelter for oneself and one's family
social problem
Issues related to human rights, human welfare and other areas of societal concern
abusive behavior
Actions that intentionally harm another person or people, often on an ongoing basis, such as psychological or mental abuse, negligence, physical or sexual abuse and torture
addiction
The habitual and compulsive use of substances such as alcohol or drugs, or behavior such as gambling, gaming or sex, often causing detrimental effects on the body, brain, and relationships with others
juvenile delinquency
Unlawful conduct perpetrated by minors, often on a repeated basis
prostitution
The business of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment
slavery
The ownership of people as property, and the involuntary servitude of those people to their owners, which includes unpaid labor and coerced actions
values
A person's or group's principles or standards of behavior, which guide their way of living and choices made
corrupt practices
Any action which is harmful to others
death and dying
Social, medical and mental health issues relating to people at the end of their lives
euthanasia
The practice of humanely ending the life of a person suffering from a terminal illness
assisted suicide
The practice of assisting a person suffering from a terminal illness in the process of suicide, often with a physician's oversight
suicide
The intentional taking of one's own life
ethics
The moral values and standards that define right and wrong actions or decisions
pornography
The depiction of sexually explicit acts in various media renditions, such as video or photos, often considered obscene or immoral
sexual behavior
The manner in which people express their sexuality in physical acts
welfare
Help for those in need of food, housing, health and other services
charity
The voluntary giving of money, food or other necessities to those in need
long-term care
Services provided on an extended and ongoing basis to patients suffering from chronic illness or disability
social services
Social programs, usually publicly sponsored, aimed at promoting people's welfare, such as housing, health care or education services
competition discipline
Different types of sport which can be executed in competitions
American football
Team ball game that opposes two teams of 11 that have offense and defense sections. Each offense attempts to move an oval ball down the 120 yards long field. Points are scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team*s end zone.
archery
Archers use bows and arrows to aim at targets 1.22 meters in diameter which are on average 70 meters distant.
crossbow shooting
Shooting with crossbow on targets from different distances
longbow
Shooting with longbow on targets from different distances. The competition is held outdoors on an open (flat) field.
track and field
Competitions involving foot races, jumping and throwing which can be on a track inside a stadium or on outside roads
cross-country run
Competitors run over rough ground and not on a track
decathlon
Individual men's competition which involves accumulating points in 10 different disciplines over two days: 1st day - 100m, long-jump, shot-putt, high-jump, 400m. 2nd day - 110m hurdles, discus, pole-vault, javelin and 1,500 meters.
discus throw
Competitors stand in a netted circle with a 2.50 meters diameter and with a turning motion attempt to throw a discus weighing 2kg for men and 1kg for women as far as possible
hammer throw
Competitors throw a hammer consisting of a metal ball, chain and handle as far as they can from a netted circle which is 2.13 meters in diameter. The hammer weighs 7.26kg for men and 4kg for women
heptathlon
Competition involving seven separate disciplines over two days. 1st day - 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 meters. 2nd day - long-jump, javelin, 800 meters
high jump
Competitors build up speed over a short sprint and then jump as high as possible over a horizontal bar
hurdles
A sprint running race where athletes jump over a series of upright frames
javelin throw
Competitors in a specially-designated throwing area attempt to fling a spear-like javelin as far as possible. The javelin weighs 800 grams for men and 600 grams for women.
long distance run
A running race at distances for more than 1500 meters
long jump
Competitors build up speed over a short sprint and then jump in one leap as far as possible
middle distance run
A running race at distances for more than 400 meters and up to and including 1500 meters
pentathlon
Only indoor, 60m hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump, 800 m
pole vault
Competitors use a flexible pole to propel themselves feet-first into the air and clear a bar which is raised higher at each round of jumps.
race walking
A race requiring the competitor to have always one foot on the ground
relay run
A team of athletes run a relay over identical distances
shot put
Competitors stand in a circle with a 2.13 meters diameter and attempt to throw a metal ball weighing 7.26 kg for men and 4kg for women as far as possible. The longest throw wins.
sprint run
A running race at distances of up to and including 400 meters
triple jump
Competitors build up speed over a short sprint and then attempt to jump as far forward as they can using a hop, skip and a jump technique.
Australian rules football
A form of football played by two teams of 18 competing on a pitch by running with and passing an oval ball. Points are scored by moving the ball between goal posts. Governed by the Australian Football League.
badminton
Two players or two teams of two compete by hitting a shuttlecock weighing approximately five grams over a high net. The aim for each player/team is to prevent the shuttlecock landing on their side of the court.
bandy
Played outdoors on ice. The size of the ice rink is about the size of a soccer field. Skates like ice hockey. A small hard ball is used for playing. Players play with sticks, much like in ice hockey, but the sticks are shorter and more rounded than in ice
baseball
A game between two teams of nine played on an enclosed ground. The team which scores the most points wins. A point is scored when a player runs around the ground marked out by four bases. To do this he has to hit the ball thrown at him by a rival player.
rubberball baseball
Sometimes called ''soft baseball,'' the game is played with a rubber baseball of varying degrees of hardness depending upon the age and level of the players.
basketball
Game played between two teams of five - points are scored by placing the large inflated ball into a net fixed on a ring 3.05m above the ground.
biathlon
A combination of cross-country skiing and target shooting on a 12.5 K course in a pursuit format.
billiards
A cue sport with balls on a table without a specific order to play them
bobsleigh
One, two or four people racing down a course in a sled that consists of a main hull, a frame, two axles and sets of runners. The total time of all heats in a competition is added together to determine the winner.
boules
Collective name of a number of games where the common goal is to move the competitor's balls as close to a small target ball as possible, played on a grass or sand surface. Balls are thrown (as in petanque and boules) or rolled (as in lawn bowls or bocce).
boxing
Combat sport in which two men/women fight using only their fists covered by padded gloves in a square ring measuring 6m a side. The fight is usually split into 12 rounds of three minutes each.
bantamweight (boxing)
Weight category which varies according to the federation or the Olympic Games
cruiserweight (boxing)
featherweight (boxing)
flyweight (boxing)
heavyweight (boxing)
light flyweight (boxing)
light-heavyweight (boxing)
light-middleweight (boxing)
light-welterweight (boxing)
lightweight (boxing)
middleweight (boxing)
straw weight (boxing)
super-bantamweight (boxing)
super-featherweight (boxing)
super-flyweight (boxing)
super-heavyweight (boxing)
super-middleweight (boxing)
welterweight (boxing)
bullfighting
Classical contest pitting man against the bull
Canadian football
Team ball game that opposes two teams of 12 that have offense and defense sections. Each offense attempts to move an oval ball down the 150 yards long field. Points are scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team*s end zone.
canoeing
Competition involving canoes which are generally kneeled and paddled with a single-bladed paddle
C1 (canoeing)
One-seater canoe (open boat with competitor using a single bladed paddle
C2 (canoeing)
Two-seater canoe (open boat) - competitors use a single bladed paddle
C4 (canoeing)
Four-seater canoe (open boat) with each competitor using a single bladed paddle
canoe sailing
A race involving a canoe equipped with a sail.
pontoniering
Team sport, military tradition, similar to canoe regatta, in boats
casting (fishing)
Using fishing equipment to hit a target and score points
mountain climbing
Moving up mountains using hands and feet
ice climbing
Climbing of ice features such as icefalls and frozen cliffs
mountaineering
Competitive alpine climbing
sport climbing
Sport climbing as a special category: individual competition, on an artificial wall with time measurement
cricket
Ball sport involving two teams of 11 players, balls, bats and wickets. The aim is to score as many runs as possible, and to get the opposing team 'out'. A 'run' involves a player running between two wickets. The opposing team try to get their rivals 'out'
croquet
Using mallets to hit a ball through hoops
curling
A game played on ice with large flat round stones. A player throws the stone, aiming at a target. Teammates of the player who has thrown the stone can sweep the ice in front of the stone to help smooth its path towards the target.
icestock sport
Similar to curling, played on targets on ice, different stones with straight handle and different rules, played in alpine countries
cycling
A race over a given distance on bicycles.
artistic cycling
Individual or teams on one or two bicycles in an arena. Points are awarded by a jury.
bi-crossing
A race where competitors have to cover a circuit with obstacles as quickly as possible.
bmx racing
Bicycle racing in with inline start and various obstacles over off-road circuits.
cycle ball
Competitive team sport using bicycles. One team against another with two persons per team. The aim is for competitors to move the ball using the front and rear wheels without letting their feet touch the ground.
cycle sprint race
Track cycling race between two cyclists over two or three laps, with a timed sprint finish over the last 200m
cyclo-cross
Staged on various surfaces - earth, grass, sand or tarmac.
individual pursuit (cycling)
Track cycling event where two cyclists set off from midway down opposite straights and try to make up the gap between them
individual time trial (cycling)
A race or stage against the clock with each cyclist setting off individually
Keirin
Sprint between six cyclists where a pacemaker on a moped gradually increases the pace over the first 1400m. When the pacemaker leaves the track the race develops into a sprint finish over the final 6-700m.
Madison race
A points race by teams comprising two cyclists in relay-format
mountain biking
All-terrain, off-road bicycle riding requiring endurance and specially adapted mountain bikes
points race (cycling)
Cyclists aim to complete the highest number of laps. Bonus points are picked up in intermediate sprints held every 2500m
road cycling
Road race with all competitors starting en masse.
cycling staging race
Race disputed by teams with the classifications determined by the combined times over a day
team cycle sprint
A track race where two teams race against each other, starting on opposite sides of the track, following the first lap the first rider pulls away, leaving the second rider to lead the next lap, who then does the same at the last lap, leaving the third rider to finish the race. The team with the fastest time is the winner.
road cycling team pursuit
Track cycle event where two teams set off from midway down opposite straights and try to make up the gap between them
team time trial (cycling)
Teams of cyclists race against the clock
track race (cycling)
A race staged on a track in a velodrome
competitive dancing
Dancing competition where competitors are judged on technique and interpretation.
darts
The sport in which small darts are thrown at a dartboard, a circular target divided into numbered sections.
diving
Competitors dive off a fixed or spring board and are assessed by seven judges giving marks up to ten for their acrobatic moves.
platform diving
Divers take off from a high platform
springboard diving
Divers dive from a high springboard.
synchronized diving
Two competitors from the same team dive off at the same time from separate platforms or springboards. As well as being judged on the standard criteria they are also awarded marks for synchronization.
scuba diving
Underwater diving with the use of a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
underwater sports
Competitive sports played under water
dog racing
Dogs racing around a track
oval track dog racing
Pursuing an artificial rabbit around an oval track
dog sled racing
Race with dogs harnessed to a sled
duathlon
An athletic event involving running and cycling
equestrian
Horse-based sport disciplines governed by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports, such as dressage, eventing, show jumping and vaulting
cross-country horse riding
Equestrian event held on a designated circuit in the countryside featuring artificial and natural obstacles.
dressage
A rider is judged on a series of moves at three different paces - walk, trot and gallop.
horse jumping
A rider and horse attempt to jump a series of obstacles in an enclosed arena against the clock.
three day eventing
Equestrian event involving three disciplines - Dressage, cross-country and show jumping
horse driving
Equestrian events involving horses being driven in harness, single vehicle around a course.
fencing
Combat sport using a sword or foil.
epee
Category of fencing using a weapon with a triangular cross-section blade and a large bell guard
foil
Category of fencing using a weapon with a rectangular cross-section blade and a small bell guard
sabre
A fencing weapon with a flat blade and knuckle guard used with cutting or thrusting moves
field hockey
A ball sport involving two teams of 11 players using curved sticks. The aim is to score as many goals as possible.
figure skating
To obtain the best marks possible from nine judges who award scores after two prepared sections - both skated to music - during which competitors must attempt to achieve the greatest possible harmony between artistic flair and technical precision.
ice dance
Takes place over three days with, in order, two compulsory dances, the original dance (2min 30sec) and the free dance (4min).
fist ball
Men's team sport similar to volleyball (with a much lower net) executed mainly in gymnastics clubs
floorball
Played indoors in a court the size of a basketball court. 6 players per team, of which one is a goalkeeper. He/she operates kneeling but there is no goal-stick like in ice hockey. The players use plastic clubs and a light plastic ball to pass and shot goal
flying disc
A group of events all played with a flying plastic disc. The exact regulation for the disc is different in different events but it has to be unbroken of solid plastic and a production model with no modification. Flying disc is sometimes called Frisbee.
Gaelic football
A form of football played by two teams of 15 competing on a pitch by running with, kicking and passing a spherical ball. Points are scored by moving the ball between goal posts. Governed by the Gaelic Athletic Association.
golf
A game to hit a small hard ball with different clubs around a course of typically 18 holes varying in distance and during a round. The object, depending on the scoring formulae, is to make the fewest strokes possible
mini golf
A game where small hard balls must be holed on an artificial course in as few strokes from the club as possible
gymnastics
A sport consisting of a variety of disciplines in which gymnasts perform artistic and acrobatic moves using different apparatus.
ball (rhythmic gymnastics)
An exercise based on suppleness of the body using a ball.
beam (artistic gymnastics)
Gymnasts perform leaps and flips from the much feared balance beam just 10 cm wide.
clubs (rhythmic gymnastics)
Dance and gymnastic moves while juggling clubs.
floor exercise (artistic gymnastics)
A gymnastics floor exercise on a 12m/sq matt.
hoop (rhythmic gymnastics)
A hoop is rolled and thrown while performing a dance routine.
horizontal bar (artistic gymnastics)
Gymnasts turn, spin and perform pirouettes around the horizontal bar.
parallel bars (artistic gymnastics)
Gymnasts swing and turn with guile and grace around the parallel bars.
pommel horse (artistic gymnastics)
Gymnasts perform an uninterrupted swing motion over a handled horse using balance and strength
rhythmic gymnastics
Mixture of dance and gymnastic moves
ribbon (rhythmic gymnastics)
Gymnasts work through a pre-arranged routine while manipulating a spectacular length of ribbon.
rings (artistic gymnastics)
Gymnasts perform feats of balance and strength from two suspended rings.
rope (rhythmic gymnastics)
Jump and figure movements are performed while a rope is manipulated.
trampoline
Competitors perform complicated twists and turns while bouncing on the trampoline.
uneven bars (artistic gymnastics)
Gymnasts run through an airborne routine swinging around and between the uneven bars.
vault (artistic gymnastics)
Gymnasts propel themselves by jumping on a trampoline after running quickly down a 25m lane
handball (team)
A ball game using the hands contested by two teams of seven trying to throw the ball into the opponents goal.
hornuss
Swiss team sport with 16 or 18 men per team. A rubber puck is hit towards the field of the adversary team which tries to hit the puck in the air with a wooden board thrown in the air
horse racing
Mounted horse races.
flat racing
A horse race over a flat course.
harness racing
Horses hitched to a jockeyed buggy race round a flat course. Can be performed at a trotting gait or a pacing gait.
steeple chase
A mounted horse race over at least eight classic obstacles, four of which must be different, such as the water jump, spruce fences, mud walls etc.
hurling
A game played by two teams of fifteen each with a curved wooden stick called a hurley. The object is to score a goal by hitting the small ball between the opponents' goalposts either over the crossbar or under it into a net guarded by a goalkeeper.
ice hockey
Two teams of six heavily padded skaters try and outscore each other by hitting a puck into the opponents goal.
sledge hockey
Like ice hockey but instead of skates small sledges are used. Competitors move by pushing with the arms
inline skating
Competitive sports using inline skates
Jai Alai (Pelota)
A fast ball play using either the bare hand or a wicker scoop in an arena of walls of different outlay and size
judo
A defensive martial art.
extra lightweight (judo)
Up to 60kg for men and 48kg for women.
half-heavyweight (judo)
Up to 100kg for men and 78kg for women.
half-lightweight (judo)
Up to 73kg for men and 57kg for women.
half-middleweight (judo)
Up to 81kg for men and 63kg for women
heavyweight (judo)
Open but usually over 100kg for men and over 78kg for women
lightweight (judo)
Up to 66kg for men and 52kg for women.
middleweight (judo)
Up to 90kg for men and 70kg for women.
jukendo
Japanese traditional martial art using a model rifle made of wood. 'Juken' means a rifle or gun with blade (bayonet)
kabaddi
The attacking side scores by touching, and the side to guard scores by capturing. The attacker continues calling it 'kabaddi'.
kayaking
Competition involving kayaks where the paddler sits with their legs facing forward using a double-bladed paddle
K1 (kayaking)
An enclosed boat with the competitor sitting on a fixed seat for one person using a double bladed paddle
K2 (kayaking)
An enclosed boat with the competitor sitting on a fixed seat for two people using double bladed paddles
K4 (kayaking)
An enclosed boat with the competitor sitting on a fixed seat for four people using double bladed paddles
karate
A martial art where chops, punches, kicks and throws are used to defeat an opponent.
kendo
Japanese traditional martial art using a bamboo sword, sometimes called Japanese fencing
kyudo
Japanese traditional martial art using a bamboo bow and arrows, sometimes called Japanese archery
lacrosse
Two teams of helmeted and padded players try and outscore each other using a netted stick and hard ball.
luge
Luge (French word for sled) is competed in singles or doubles. The competitor(s) lay on their back on an open sled and race down a course. The competitor(s) and the sled must be in contact when passing the finishing line. The competitor can steer the sled
marathon
A road race where competitors run 42.195km, generally through city streets
modern pentathlon
The Modern Pentathlon comprises five events run over a single day in the following order: shooting, fencing, swimming, horse riding and running.
motorboat racing
Racing with boats with engines
motor car racing
Racing with cars
endurance race
Races for one or more drivers over a long and set distance or time
Using less powerful motors than the Formula One, designated construction teams race over varied circuits the world over in speed races for individual and team honors over a season.
Formula One
Single cockpit car racing where 20 or so competitors race head to head over varied circuits around the world to win Grand Prix points in an individual and constructors championship
Indy Racing
North American top range professional league speed racing over circuits.
motor car rallycross
Stage races over dirt tracks
motor car rallying
A season of endurance races over closed circuits including dirt tracks, roads and even snowy conditions featuring specials using adapted road cars with a driver and co-pilot.
motorcycling
Races with 2, 3 or 4 wheels vehicles with a saddle and handlebars
motorcycle endurance
A road race of consistency and endurance
enduro
A race of speed, endurance and regularity over varied surfaces such as through forests and on dirt tracks
grass-track
A race competed on turf
moto-ball
Team sport where drivers play a ball
moto-cross
Raced over dirt tracks featuring severe mounds
motoGP
Capacity class 1000ccm
motorcycle rallying
Races run over regular roads
side-cars
Of different engine sizes but attached to a side car featuring a passenger
speedway
Race involving up to six riders competing over a flat oval track. Speedway motorcycles use only one gear and have no brakes
motorcycling trial
A race of consistency and endurance over varied terrain
naginata
Japanese traditional martial art using a pole sword made of wood. 'Naginata' means a spear with a curved blade
netball
A woman's sport similar to basketball though without a board behind the basket
orienteering
An individual time-trial over a route marked out by beacons. The competitor has to search out and find in a specific order. The contestant makes his way with the help of a compass and map
ski orienteering
An individual ski time-trial over a route marked out by beacons, that the competitor has to search out and find in a specific order. The contestant makes his way with the help of a compass and map
parachuting
Jumping from an airplane using a parachute, competitions are precision landings, voltige, individual and team
polo
With the aid of a mallet two teams of four horsemen try and knock a bamboo ball into the opponents goal over a pitch 250m long and 150m wide. The game is divided into 4, 6, or 8 time periods of 7min 30sec called chukkas.
pool
A cue sport on a table with pockets, played with different numbers of balls
power boating
Races between motor boats on rivers or lakes
rodeo
A discipline where wild horses or bulls must be mounted and mastered
bareback bronc
Rodeo discipline
barrel racing
bull riding
bulldogging
calf roping
goat roping
saddle bronc
roller hockey
Team sport similar to ice hockey, executed on 4 wheel roller skates with sticks and a ball
rowing
Boat racing usually on flat calm waters with boats for 1, 2, 4 or 8 rowers
coxed four
Four person boats with just one oar each and with a team mate to give directions
coxed pair
Two person boats with just one oar each and with a team mate to give directions
coxless four
Four person boats with just one oar each and without a team mate to give directions
coxless pair
Two person boats with just one oar each and without a team mate to give directions
double sculls
Two person boats with two oars each
coxed eight
Eight person boats with just one oar each and with a team mate to give directions
quadruple sculls
Four person boats with two oars each and without a team mate to give directions
single sculls
Single person boats with two oars
rugby league
A type of rugby where two teams of 13 compete on a pitch by running with and passing an oval ball. Points are scored by touching down the ball behind the goal line or kicking it between goal posts. Governed by Rugby League International Federation.
rugby union
A type of rugby where two teams of 15 compete on a pitch by running with and passing an oval ball. Points are scored by touching down the ball behind the goal line or kicking it between goal posts. Governed by the World Rugby organization.
rugby sevens
A type of rugby union where two teams of 7 compete on a pitch by running with and passing an oval ball. Points are scored by touching down the ball behind the goal line or kicking it between goal posts. Governed by the World Rugby organization.
sailing
Sailing boat racing over a route
multihull
Sailing boats with multiple hulls
dinghy
Single hulled vessel without a fixed keel
keelboat
Single hulled vessel with a fixed keel
sailing regatta
Sailing event
ocean sailing
Sailing vessels across oceans as part of a competitive race.
round the world race
Sailing vessels around the world as a race
solo ocean sailing
Sailing oceans as an individual, as part of a race.
non-stop solo race
Races either clockwise or anti clockwise around the globe without stopping at any ports between start and finish of race.
sepak takraw
A game like volleyball where hands must not be used, using a ball made of rattan
shinty
A ball game involving 2 teams with curved sticks called camans. The object is to score goals by hitting the small leather ball through the goals.
sport shooting
Precision sport using a hand gun, rifle or shotgun
pistol shooting
Shooting event using a pistol
rifle shooting
Shooting event using a rifle
running target shooting
Shooting event with an airgun and a target that moves sideways
shotgun shooting
Shooting event using a shotgun
clay pigeon shooting
Shooting event which involves shooting at special flying targets, known as clay pigeons or clay targets
skeleton
In skeleton the competitor lies on his/her stomach when racing down the course. The competitor must be on the sled when crossing the finishing line.
skiing
A winter sport using different types of skis
alpine skiing
Racing downhill on snow-covered slopes using alpine techniques and equipment. The slopes contain intermediate gates which are spaced according to the discipline involved.
freestyle skiing
Skiing competitions which, in contrast to alpine skiing, incorporate acrobatic moves and jumps. Events include aerials, halfpipe, slopestyle, ski cross, moguls and big air.
grass skiing
Alpine skiing on roller skis and grass
Nordic skiing
Practiced in relatively-flat, snowy countryside and based on power and endurance.
ski jumping
Competitors descend a snow covered elevated ramp on skis and try to fly off it as far as possible, receiving marks for distance, style of flight and landing
sky diving
Parachuting competitions with long distance falls without using a parachute
snooker
A cue sport with balls on a table to be potted in a specific order
snowboarding
Practiced with a single board (rather than two skis)
soccer
A form of football played by two teams competing on a pitch by kicking a spherical ball. Points are scored by kicking or heading the ball into a goal. Governed by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association
softball
Similar to baseball but with a larger and softer ball, a thinner bat, shorter gaps between bases and less innings
speed skating
Timed races competed by two skaters at a time on an oval ice track
squash
A racquet sport of strategy and endurance played by singles or doubles teams in a walled court with a small rubber ball
sumo wrestling
A combat sport of speed and rapidity with much ceremony where two contestants try to throw or slap a competitor out of a marked area. Generally practiced in Japan by large men.
surfing
Water sport where contestants catch and ride waves upright on a surfboard
swimming
A water sport where contestants swim as fast as possible in a given style and win races by being the first to touch home
backstroke
Swimming style, on the back, legs move in flapping motion while arms propel the swimmer forward
breaststroke
Swimming style , on the front, effecting forward and outward push movements with the arms and backward and outward pushes with the legs
butterfly swimming
Swimming style , swum on the front with the shoulders remaining parallel to the water both arms moving in simultaneous windmill fashion, the legs remain together and are moved in a flapping motion. The most physical of all styles.
freestyle swimming
Any swimming style may be employed, though front crawl is universally employed
medley swimming
A combination of four different swimming styles in one race
marathon swimming
A long distance open water swimming
relay freestyle swimming
Team of swimmers swim a relay in the swimming style of their choice
relay medley swimming
Team relay race involving a combination of four different swimming styles
short course swimming
Races competed in a 25m length pool
synchronized free routine
In the free program, music, movements and their order of execution are not restricted.
synchronized technical routine
Contestants obtain points from 10 sitting judges by executing certain synchronized artistic shapes and movements in the water. In the technical program, competitors must execute a range of specific moves in a given order.
table tennis
A racquet sport for two or four (in doubles), who compete at a table divided by a net using a small bat to play a lightweight ball
Taekwon-Do
A martial art of Korean origin
tennis
A sport where two players, four in doubles, equipped with a racket compete by hitting the ball over a net into the opponent's side of the court with the aim of putting it out of reach within the regulation lines, thus winning points.
ten pin bowling
A game in which a player scores points by trying to knock down ten 'pins' using a ball - if unsuccessful the player has a second attempt. A game consists of ten frames.
triathlon
An endurance multi-sport where competitors first swim, then cycle and then run a road race. Distances vary according to the competition.
tug-of-war
Two teams pulling against each other on a rope
volleyball
Two teams of six record points by hitting a ball over a net into the opponent's half of the court, keeping it in the air at all times. Points are won when opponents fail to return the ball.
beach volleyball
Two teams of two players compete on a sand court. Unlike indoor volleyball, points are scored only when the serving team wins a rally or forces an error. The sand surface makes it more physically demanding than volleyball
water polo
Played in a pool between two teams of 7, who must stay afloat and can only use one hand to pass the ball or swim with it before trying to throw it into the opponents net to score goals.
water skiing
On one or two skis contestants are pulled by a power boat along the water's surface
weightlifting and powerlifting
A strength test where competitors lift as heavy a weight as possible
clean and jerk (weightlifting)
The bar is first lifted to the shoulders and then jerk it above the head and keep it there while maintaining straight legs
powerlifting
snatch (weightlifting)
The bar must be lifted from floor to above the head in one movement
windsurfing
Contestants must complete a marked out course as fast as possible on a windsurf board
wrestling
Combat sport where each wrestler attempts to win over his adversary, by holding both shoulders on the ground (fall) long enough to be in control. Points can also be decisive.
freestyle wrestling
A style where leg holds are allowed
greco-roman
A style where the only holds allowed are those between the head and the belt
Swiss wrestling
Traditional Swiss sport similar to wrestling with specific rules
wushu
Chinese traditional martial art
disciplinary action in sport
Actions, including fines and suspensions levied by sports organizations and teams
drug use in sport
Drug use associated with sport activities, including doping, abuse, testing and permitted medical uses
drug abuse in sport
Using drugs to improve competitiveness in sports
drug testing in sport
Means and ways to check the use of drugs in sports
medical drug use in sport
Use of drugs for medical reasons as permitted by sport regulators
sport event
An event featuring one or more sport competitions
continental championship
A competition where individuals or teams from countries from one continent may participate. Called a *Championship*
continental cup
A competition where individuals or teams from countries from one continent may participate. Called a *Cup*
continental games
A competition where individuals or teams from countries from one continent may participate. Called *Games*
international championship
A competition where individuals or teams from different countries may participate. Called a *Championship*
international cup
A competition where individuals or teams from different countries may participate. Called a *Cup*
international games
A competition where individuals or teams from different countries may participate. Called *Games*
national championship
A competition where individuals or teams from one country may participate. Called a *Championship*
national cup
A competition where individuals or teams from one country may participate. Called a *Cup*
national games
A competition where individuals or teams from one country may participate. Called *Games*
regional championship
A competition where individuals or teams from a region of a country may participate. Called a *Championship*
regional cup
A competition where individuals or teams from a region of a country may participate. Called a *Cup*
regional games
A competition where individuals or teams from a region of a country may participate. Called *Games*
world championship
A competition where individuals or teams from the five continents may participate. Called *World Championship*
world cup
A competition where individuals or teams from the five continents may participate. Called *World Cup*
world games
A competition where individuals or teams from the five continents may participate. Called *World Games*
sport industry
Commercial issues related to sport
sport organization
Organizations or associations that govern sports
sport venue
Commercial facility for sporting event
weather forecast
The long- or short-term meteorological prediction and reporting of the upcoming weather for a given region
weather phenomena
Short- or long-term meteorological phenomena worthy of study, reporting or public advisory such as climate change, storms, heat waves or tornadoes
weather statistic
Numerical facts about the weather such as temperature, barometric pressure, river levels, humidity or high and low tides
weather warning
Alerts issued to the public about severe or notable weather in their area
cultural policy
Government policies related to the promotion and support of the arts
musical
A genre of music theatre in which singing and dancing play an essential part of the storytelling
operetta
A genre of music theatre that usually has a light or humorous theme where some of the libretto is usually spoken rather than sung.
art exhibition
Temporary presentation of art in museums, art halls or galleries
trade show or expo
Market place to display and trade goods or services
stock recommendation
An analyst's recommendation for particular stocks. May include the analyst*s price target for the stock.
buy recommendation
An analyst's recommendation to buy particular stocks. May include the analyst*s price target for the stock.
hold recommendation
An analyst's recommendation to hold particular stocks. May include the analyst*s price target for the stock.
sell recommendation
An analyst's recommendation to sell particular stocks. May include the analyst*s price target for the stock.
hot stock
Remarkable price movements of a particular stock.
recreational hiking and climbing
Sportive activities in the mountains including climbing and hiking
party
A social gathering of invited guests, often involving eating, drinking, dancing or the playing of games
civilian service
Unpaid service for the community as civilian
military service
Service by an individual in an army or militia. Service may be on a volunteer basis or a result of an involuntary draft or government requirement.
integration policy
Improving the co-existence of groups of the society
sports policies
Government policies regulating sports, including sports betting, performance enhancing drug laws and the promition of sports to children for health purposes
sports transaction
The transfer of an athlete from one team to another, the hiring or drafting of an athlete onto a team or the change in professional status of a player on a team
cross-country skiing
Nordic ski race competed in relatively-flat, snowy countryside on narrow skis.
Nordic combined
Competition combining cross-country skiing and ski jumping
short track speed skating
Races competed by four or more skaters at a time on a small oval ice track
artistic gymnastics
Gymnasts perform artistic and acrobatic moves on different apparatus. There are 6 events for men and 4 for women
Telemark skiing
Races combining downhill and cross-country skiing events with unique Telemark techniques and equipment.
chess
Competition between two players using a checkered board with 16 pieces to each side, each with specific ranges of movement depending on their identity
roller sports
Various competitions using wheeled equipment such as roller skates, inline skates, and skateboards.
skateboarding
Competitions involving stunts and acrobatic feats performed on a skateboard using various ramps and other obstacles
martial arts
Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practices, which are practiced for a variety of reasons: self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, entertainment, as well as mental, physical, and spiritual development.
start-up and entrepreneurial business
The process of designing, launching and running a new business
public contract
Written contracts between companies and public authorities for the execution of works, the supply of products or the provision of services.
handicrafts
The creators and sellers of crafts and the making and selling of the supplies used to make those crafts
Internet of Things
A network of devices using microchips, electronic sensors and communication by the Internet
asset management
Managing investments on behalf of others
client relationship management
Creating and maintaining a relationship with the customers to increase sales.
payment service
Services for executing payments including cash, cheque, credit card, debit card, direct debit, electronic funds transfer, internet banking, electronic and mobile payment.
capital goods
Durable goods used in the production of other goods or services.
railway manufacturing
Manufactures of rolling stock and suppliers for the maintenance and repair of railroads
medical equipment
Manufacture of medical and surgical devices for diagnosis and treatment such as optical and imaging equipment
pet product and service
Hygiene products, care and nutrition for pets
e-cigarette
An electronic cigarette is a battery-operated device with an atomizer and a cartridge containing either a nicotine or a non-nicotine liquid solution.
logistics
Supply chain, inventory management and transportation of products.
sharing economy
Peer-to-peer-based sharing of access to goods and services
small and medium enterprise
A small and medium enterprise (SME) is a company whose number of employees, balance and turnover cannot exceed certain limits set by the country where it is located
regulatory authority
Authority responsible for the regulation or supervision of a business sector.
regional development policy
Government or private policies, such as business incentives, aimed at the development of a region
synchronized swimming
A sport in which swimmers, in solo, duet or team configurations, perform coordinated or identical movements in time to music. They are judged and are awarded points for body position, control, and the degree of difficulty of the moves.
rugby
A form of football developed in Rugby (England) played with an oval ball that may be kicked, carried and passed from hand to hand. Points are scored when one team carries the ball over the other team's goal line or kicks the ball between two goal posts.
Olympic Games
Games organized by the International Olympic Committee and held each 4 years in summer or winter.
Paralympic Games
Games for disabled athletes organized by the International Paralympic Committee and held each 4 years in winter or summer
series
A connected set of fictional or non-fictional program episodes that run under the same title.
drama (theatre)
A genre of theatre where dramatic or comedic plays are performed on the stage
festival
Events showcasing artistic endeavors, often regularly occurring, such as dance, music, theater, poetry or comedy festivals
social media
Content created to be shared within online social networks
eSports
Competitions involving video games played by professional gamers
hip hop
A genre of music developed in African American communities in the United States in the 1970s which consists of rapping usually with an electronic backing
r&b
A genre of music originated in African American communities in the 1940s and featuring soulful vocals
heavy metal
A genre of loud, aggressive rock music that was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s
dance band music
A Swedish genre of music characterized by music inspired by swing, schlager, country, jazz and rock that is often danced to in pairs
electronic dance music
A genre of music that employs electronic instruments and is primarily made for nightclubs, raves, and festivals
children's music
A genre of music featuring songs composed and performed for children
stand-up comedy
A comic style in which a comedian performs a series of jokes or stories in front of a live audience, usually speaking directly to them
cabaret
A form of theatrical entertainment featuring music, song, dance, recitation, or drama that is performed in a nightclub or restaurant while the audience eats or drinks at tables
influencers
Persons who distribute content on internet forums and social media and are followed by many people thereby influencing them to buy and use products
sexual misconduct
Unwanted behavior of a sexual nature that is of lesser offense than felony sexual assault, particularly when behavior occurs in a normally non-sexual situation, or where there is some aspect of personal power or authority involved
accounting crime
The intentional misrepresentation or alteration of accounting records regarding sales, revenues, expenses and other factors
tax evasion
The illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporations, and trusts
reckless driving
Serious traffic violations that are likely to, or have led to, the endangerment, injury or death of a person or persons, or the endangerment of or significant property damage
administrative law
Body of law that governs the actions of governmental administrative agencies
court-ordered psychiatric treatment
Psychiatric treatment imposed upon persons with mental health conditions in prisons and jails or as a condition of probation, supervision or parole
suspended sentence
Legal arrangement where a judge delays the serving of a sentence by a person who has been found guilty of a crime in order to give them a probationary period
dropped criminal investigation
When police and/or prosecutors end an investigation without a conclusion
wildlife traffic accident
Traffic accidents involving wild animals
wildfire
An uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation
textile arts
Arts and crafts that use plant, animal, or synthetic fibres to construct practical or decorative object
woodworking
The activity or skill of making items, such as furniture or cabinets, from wood
forging
The shaping of metal using localized compressive forces, such as heating and hammering
self-employment
A situation in which an individual works for themselves as a freelancer or business owner instead of working for an employer that pays a salary or a wage
biofuel
Fuel that is derived from biomass, such as ethanol
geothermal power
Thermal energy that is generated and stored in the Earth
solar power
Electricity generated and harvested from the sun's rays
hydroelectric power
Electricity produced from hydropower when water flows through turbines
wind power
Electricity that is generated by kinetic energy of wind, usually produced by windmills or turbines
religious school
School that has a religious component in its operations or its curriculum
public school
Schools maintained by public funds, usually government-imposed taxes
private school
Schools maintained by private funds and organizations
independent and charter school
Schools funded by money from taxes via government, but run by companies, organizations or cooperatives
vocational education
Education that provides students with practical experience and training in a particular occupational field. It is sometimes referred to as career education or technical education
educational grading
The evaluation of a student's achievement on a test, assignment or course and the policies and methods around assigning those grades
pandemic
An epidemic of infectious disease that has spread across a large region or even worldwide
drug rehabilitation
Medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for dependency on substances such as alcohol, prescription and controlled drugs
general practice
The treatment of a wide range of acute and long-term medical conditions and symptoms
emergency care
Immediate care of patients with critical medical emergencies, either inside or outside of a hospital
orthopedics
A medical specialization that focuses on conditions involving the musculoskeletal system
oncology
A medical specialization that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer
radiology
A medical specialization that focuses on the use of medical imaging (such as x-rays) and radiation to diagnose and sometimes also treat diseases within the body
eye care
The medical profession and field of study devoted to diagnosing, preventing and treating eye conditions
surgical medicine
A medical specialization that focuses on the treatment of injuries or disorders of the body by incision or manipulation, especially with instruments
psychiatry
A medical specialization that focuses on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders
surgery
The use of incisions made by medical instruments to investigate or treat a medical condition or injury
healthcare clinic
Local medical facility or doctor's office associated with a general medicine practice, staffed by one or many doctors, focusing on outpatient treatment or giving recommendations to visit a specialist or hospital
environmental, social and governance policy (ESG)
A company's business practices reflecting responsible social, ethical and environmental policies, sometimes known as corporate social responsibility
mixed martial arts
A full-contact combat sport using techniques from various combat sports and martial arts
elderly care
The long-term care of the elderly provided by residential institutions or by paid daily help in the home
name ceremony
Event at which an infant, youth, or adult is given a name
graduation
A ceremony, also known as commencement, at which a person receives a diploma or academic degree
funeral and memorial service
A ceremony to memorialise a deceased person
wedding
Marriage ceremony and the events and parties surrounding it, such as wedding receptions, engagement parties, bridal showers and bachelor or bachelorette parties
anniversary
The celebration or commemoration of a significant amount of years since an event or a notable person's birth or death
birthday
A celebration on the anniversary of a person's birth.
exercise and fitness
Physical activity with the purpose to maintain and improve health and wellness, gain stamina or for enjoyment
bodybuilding
Competitions where participants perform specific poses to display their muscles that have been strengthened and enlarged through strenuous exercise. Competitors are judged based on criteria such as symmetry, muscularity and conditioning.
horseback riding
The riding of horses for leisure or light exercise.
steeplechase (athletics)
Obstacle race in athletics including barriers and water jumps
oil and gas
The exploration, extraction, refining, transporting and marketing of petroleum products and natural gas
utilities
The providing of basic services to the public, such as supplying water, waste removal, heating and cooling
infrastructure projects
The construction of the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or other area, including roads, bridges, dams, tunnels, telecommunications and electrical grids
commercial building
The construction of buildings for commerce and business, including office buildings, retail shops, restaurants, hotels and stadiums
collecting
The hobby of seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying, storing or maintaining items that are of interest to an individual collector
cosmetics
Products applied to the body to enhance appearance, such as lipstick, eyeliner, foundation and nail polish, and the trends surrounding the application of these products
hairstyles
Trends surrounding the cutting and styling of hair
body modification
Actions taken to permanently or semi-permanently change body appearance, such as piercing and tattooing
tattooing
A form of body modification where a design is made by inserting ink, dyes and pigments into the dermis layer of the skin to permanently change the pigment
piercing
A form of body modification involving the puncturing or cutting of a part of the human body, creating an opening in which jewelry may be worn or where an implant could be inserted
cooking and baking
Interest in preparing meals or baked goods
beer, wine and spirits
Interest in the consumption, production and collection of alcoholic beverages
home renovation
Interest in renovating one's property
interior decoration
Interest in decorating one's home
gardening
Interest in working in one's garden
consumer electronics
Electronic devices, such as computers, smart phones or televisions, designed and sold for personal use
political party convention
Meeting of political party to nominate a candidate, choose a party leader or set policy
political committee
A legislative sub-group that focuses on a specific area or action
head of government
The highest official in the executive branch of a political entity
public inquiry
An official review of events or actions ordered by a government body, including royal commissions
church elections
Elections to choose leaders to run church organizations at various levels
infrastructure policy
Policies regarding the development and maintenance of the fundamental facilities of a country, city or other area, such as communication, transportation and distribution networks
local government policy
Policies for the development and maintenance of a local government area
political debates
Organized debates between political candidates during their election campaign
Midsummer
Northern European celebrations that accompany the Summer solstice
National day
A designated day to celebrate a nation
New year
The celebration of the end of one calendar year and the start of next
Halloween
A celebration observed in a number of countries on 31 October with activities including trick-or-treating, wearing costumes, carving pumpkins, visiting haunted attractions, telling scary stories and watching horror films
All Saints Day
Christian festival celebrated in honor of all the saints, known and unknown. Holiday is also known as All Hallows' Day, Hallowmas, Feast of All Saints or Solemnity of All Saints.
Walpurgis night
The eve of the Christian feast day of Saint Walpurga, an 8th-century abbess in Francia, celebrated on the night of 30 April and the day of 1 May
baptism
A Christian religious rite, sometimes also called a Christening, involving the sprinkling of holy water onto a person's forehead or immersing them in water, symbolizing purification and admission to the Church
contraception
A method or device used to prevent pregnancy
gig economy
a labor market consisting of individual suppliers on short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs, such as drivers or delivery workers
parental leave
Time off work to give birth or care for a child
volunteering
Unpaid work undertaken freely by individuals as a service to others
cooperative
An organization which is owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits of their work
cryptocurrency
An internet-based medium of exchange using cryptography to conduct financial transactions
hurricane
A type of storm also called a tropical cyclone, which forms over tropical or subtropical waters
racquetball
A racquet sport similar to squash in which the ball must bounce once before being struck and with a greater area of in-bound play
ringette
A team sport usually played on ice by skaters using a straight stick. Players pass and shoot a rubber ring in order to place it in the opponent's goal
human smuggling and trafficking
The illegal transporting of people from one country or area to another. When the result is forced labor or sexual exploitation, the crime is considered trafficking.
bullying
Taking actions meant to harm, coerce and intimidate another person perceived as vulnerable. These actions can be taken in person or online.
vandalism
Deliberately damaging or destroying public or private property
arm wrestling
A form of wrestling in which two participants grapple arm-to-arm
supreme and high court
matters related to supreme or high courts, including nominations and rulings
indigenous people
People who are the original owners and caretakers of a given region, also known as native peoples, first peoples or aboriginal peoples, in contrast to groups that have settled, occupied or colonized the area more recently
sales channel
Indirect or direct ways of bringing products or services to market so that they can be purchased by consumers
public housing
Housing that is owned or managed by a government or nonprofit organization and rented to tenants with the aim of making housing affordable. Eligibility for such housing arrangements varies country to country.
heating and cooling
The business of supplying heat, cooling and ventilation to private residences and commercial buildings
economic development incentive
The offer of funds, financial incentive programmes or subsidies to stimulate businesses and the economy
streaming service
Providers of entertainment (music, movies, series, etc.) that deliver the content via an internet connection to the subscriber's computer, TV or mobile device
crowdfunding
The funding of a project or venture by raising small amounts of money from a large number of people, typically via the internet
outsourcing
Business practice in which services or job functions are farmed out to a third party
shopping mall
A large building or series of connected buildings that contain a variety of retail stores and food vendors
shopping district and high street
Primary retail streets of towns or cities containing individual stores and restaurants
artificial intelligence
An attempt to let computers simulate how the human brain works by applying statistical, heuristic or machine learning methods and algorithms to large datasets. Enables a long range of automatic functions like image recognition and categorization.
surveillance
Monitoring the activities of the individual through the use of cameras and data in order to prevent or uncover criminal activities
privacy
The right of an individual or group to keep information about themselves private
sport achievement
Records or honors earned by athletes for their performance
sports record
The best performance to date by an athlete or team in a sport discipline
sports medal and trophy
Award given to an athlete or team for placing in a sports competition, such as a gold medal at the Olympics or the Stanley Cup in ice hockey
sports honor
Honor given to a player for achievements over a career, season or single event, unrelated to event outcome, usually awarded by a panel of judges or a popular vote. Examples include player of the game, most valuable player award or hall of fame induction.
padel
Racket sport typically played in doubles on an enclosed court
kiting
Action sport where a person harnesses the power of the wind to propel themselves across water, land or snow on a board, snowboard or skis. Variations of the sport are called kiteboarding/kitesurfing, snowkiting or landkiting.
stand up paddleboarding (SUP)
Water sport using a board and paddle to propel through the water while standing
krav maga
Fighting and self-defense sport that combines elements from aikido, boxing, judo, karate and wrestling
cheerleading
Cheer squads competing against each other to perform a routine that includes stunts, jumps and tumbling set to music. Squads are judged on difficulty and execution.
kickboxing
Stand-up combat sport based on kicking and punching an opponent
sombo (martial art)
Style of martial art originating in the Soviet Union that is recognized as a form of amateur wrestling
political leadership
Positions of leadership within political parties and discussion around whether leadership changes need to be made
shootings
An act of violence committed by individuals with the use of armed weapons
animal abuse
The infliction of cruelty or neglect onto animals by humans
zoo
A park where visitors can see both wild and tame animals that are kept in cages or enclosed areas
border dispute
Diplomatic issues between two countries regarding territorial borders
child care
Services and facilities that look after children while their parents are working or away, including daycare centers and programs
pest and pest control
Animals or insects that invade a human space causing destruction or unsanitary conditions and the methods for controlling or eradicating them
disinformation and misinformation
The spread of false information regardless of intent
torture
Intentionally inflicting severe physical or psychological pain in order to punish the victim or get the victim to take an action or give information
drowning
When a person's airpipe and lungs become filled with water causing death or injury, most often caused by falling into or bathing in rivers, lakes or the ocean
poisoning
When a substance in sufficient quantity adversely affects the body and its functions
sports coaching
The staff responsible for the training and on-field management of a sports team
sports management and ownership
The executive leadership and owners of a sports team
sports officiating
Referees, umpires and other staff who enforce the rules of a sport from on the field of play
women's rights
The rights of women to be treated equally as men, such as pay parity, feminism and bodily autonomy around abortion
women
People who identify as female, focusing on the group as a demographic, and accomplishments, such as the first woman to achieve a milestone or serve in a role
men
People who identify as male, focusing on the group as a demographic, and masculinity
3x3 basketball
A variation of basketball played three a side on one basketball hoop
canoe slalom
Competitors navigate a canoe or a kayak on a white-water course, passing through a combination of upstream and downstream gates on river rapids in the fastest time possible
canoe sprint
Taking place on a flatwater course, multiple canoes take off at once and race each other to the finish
bmx freestyle
Riders are given a fixed time to perform acrobatics tricks and skills, with tricks scored on multiple aspects including difficulty, originality, execution, height and creativity
Cycling events held on roads, including road races and time trials
track cycling
Cycling competitions held on tracks, including sprint, team sprint, keirin, team pursuit, omnium and madison events
football 5-a-side
A variation of association football in which each team fields five players and play is on a smaller pitch. An official Summer Paralympics sport.
goalball
A team sport for athletes with a vision impairment, using a ball containing bells
online and remote learning
Learning where a student and teacher are not physically present in the same location. Instruction can occur synchronously or asynchronously and utilizes technology such as video conferencing, online assessments and video conferencing.
education policy
Government programmes and policies related to education, such as the funding of schools and standardized testing
wellness
The active pursuit of good mental and physical health
mental wellbeing
The personal pursuit of mental health through activities such as meditation, stress reduction, technology detoxes and journaling
regular competition
A competitive sporting season where teams or individuals contend for a place in the standings or rankings
playoff championship
A competitive tournament, often played after the regular season of a sports league by the top competitors to determine the league champion or a similar accolade. Can also apply to an all-in elimination tournament meant to produce a final champion.
final game
Single game that determines the winner of a championship, such as the Super Bowl or Champions League Final
Catholicism
Largest Christian religion in the world encompassing the Roman Catholic Church which is led by the pope, and Old Catholicism, a breakaway movement founded in 1870 that denies the dogma of infallibility of the pope
bar and bat mitzvah
Young person becoming an adult in the Jewish faith
canonization
The declaration of a deceased person as an officially recognized saint
Shia Islam
The second largest branch of Islam believing that the Prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor
Sunni Islam
The largest branch of Islam believing that the Prophet Muhammad did not designate a successor
atheism and agnosticism
The belief that god does not exist or that it is impossible to know whether a god exists
Eid al-Adha
Muslim festival marking the culmination of the annual hajj pilgrimage and commemorating the willingness of the Prophet Ibrahim to sacrifice his son
Hasidism
Jewish religious group that believes that the Torah is the literal word of God and that carrying out this word is what gives meaning and purpose to life
Hanukkah
Jewish festival, sometimes spelled Chanukah, observed by lighting the candles of a menorah
tsunami
High and powerful ocean waves caused by an underwater land disturbance, such as an earthquake or volcanic eruption, known to cause significant damage and loss when they hit land
healthcare industry
Goods and services to treat patients through curative, preventive, rehabilitative and palliative care
developmental disorder
Conditions due to an impairment in learning, language or behavior areas, such as autism, Aspergers and dyslexia
depression
A mental health disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood and loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life
anxiety and stress
A mental health disorder characterized by feelings of worry, anxiousness or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities
public health
Organized public or private measures designed to prevent disease, promote health and prolong life among the population as a whole
pregnancy and childbirth
Social and medical issues around pregnancy and giving birth including, doulas and midwives, obstetrics and medical concerns
fraternal and community group
Social organizations whose members freely associate for a mutually beneficial purpose such as for social, professional or honorary principles. Groups include Rotary clubs, Lions clubs or Freemasons.
cyber warfare
Cyber attacks, or suspected attacks, involving a government entity as either the sponsor or the target, or preventive measures against these types of actions
public transport
Forms of transportation, such as buses and trains, that charge set fares, run on fixed routes and are available to the general public
taxi and ride-hailing
On-demand ride service, provided by taxi companies or tech companies such as Uber and Lyft, the drivers who transport passengers and the rules and regulations imposed upon these companies within a region
shared transport
A network of vehicles, such as cars, bikes and scooters, that can be rented by travelers on an as-needed basis for short-term use
business reporting and performance
Measuring and reporting on the performance of a business
business restructuring
Changes to the structure of a business or organisation
commercial real estate:
The building and sale of property used for business purposes rather than as a living space
residential real estate
The building and sale of property to be used as living space
podcast
Podcast networks and the people who create and distribute audio content, typically in a series format, to audiences
financial service
Professional services involving the investment, lending or management of money and other assets
business service
Services provided to business operations and for individuals, such as consulting, legal representation and job placement
news industry
The production and distribution of content about newsworthy events through print, broadcast, video or electronic media
diversity, equity and inclusion
Efforts that seeks to promote the fair treatment and full participation of groups of people who have historically been underrepresented or subject to discrimination on the basis of identity or disability
sustainability
Actions by organizations, governments, and individuals in response to environmental problems
profit sharing
A system by which employees are paid a share of the net profits of their employer. These earnings are distinct from and additional to regular wages.
corporate bond
Corporate paper representing the loan of money at a fixed rate and for a fixed time to that company or government
war victims
Individuals who are injured or killed in a war or armed conflict, including civilians
A member of the armed forces who cannot be located and has not been confirmed as either alive or dead
breaking (breakdance)
Dancing competition featuring an urban dance style that originated in the United States in the 1970s with roots in hip-hop culture and characterized by acrobatic movements, stylized footwork, and the key role played by the DJ and the MC during battles
special election
An election used to fill an office that has become vacant between general elections because of the death of a politician, a resignation or other reason
recall election
A special election to vote to remove an elected official from office before that official's term has ended
coalition building
Political parties entering a power-sharing arrangement usually occurring when no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election
zoning policy
Polices around the division of land into zones, each of which has a set of regulations for new development
political party
Organization that coordinates candidates to run to represent that party in an election
political movement and association
A collective of people with the aim to change government policy or social values in opposition to the status quo
communism
Form of government that aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of the means of production and the natural resources within in society
democratic socialism
Form of government that consists of a socialist economy in which the means of production are socially and collectively owned or controlled alongside a democratic political system of government with officials elected to office by citizens
theocracy
Form of government in which authority comes from a religion and the leaders are thought to be divinely guided
absolute monarchy
Form of government in which a person, who is part of a hereditary line, reigns as head of state for life or until abdication
ski mountaineering
A winter sport that combines skiing and mountaineering that involves climbing mountains on skis or by foot and then skiing down
vegetarianism and veganism
The avoidance of meat and other animal products for moral, dietary or religious reasons and the plant-based products that adhere to this principle
park and playground
A public green area in a town or city used for recreation
futsal
A soccer-based game played indoors on a hard court with five players per team
beach soccer
pesticide and herbicide
Chemicals used to eliminate weeds and pests