IPTC, International Press Telecommunications Council - https://iptc.org
Subject Code
Indicates a subject of an item.
The Subject Codes is IPTC's original subject taxonomy, with a focus on text. It consists of about 1400 terms organized into 3 levels. Note that Subject Code is now deprecated. IPTC recommends that users instead use the Media Topic vocabulary, which is regularly reviewed and updated.
arts, culture and entertainment
Matters pertaining to the advancement and refinement of the human mind, of interests, skills, tastes and emotions
archaeology
Probing the past through ruins and artefacts
architecture
Designing of buildings, monuments and the spaces around them
bullfighting
Classical contest pitting man against the bull
festive event (including carnival)
Parades, parties, celebrations and the like not necessarily tied to a fixed occasion or date
cinema
Cinema as art and entertainment
film festival
National and international motion pictures festivals, selections, festival juries, nominations, awards etc.
dance
The expression of emotion or message through movement
fashion
The design of clothing and accessories
jewelry
Accessories to clothing
language
The means by which people communicate with each other
library and museum
Edifices used to house collections of books, music, art, or objects from the past and present for public use and display
literature
The use of pamphlets, books or other printed matter to convey ideas, stories or other messages for the public
fiction
Structured stories that are usually not based on fact but are the creation of the authors imagination
poetry
The art, structure, forms of poetic expression
music
Expressing emotion or message through instruments or voice using different sounds, tones, harmonies and the like
classical music
Music that follows classic structures of rhythm and harmony
folk music
Music that developed from folk cultures, often based on story-telling
jazz music
A music of diverse harmonics, often improvised
popular music
The latest fad in music, generally aimed at the younger generation
country music
Similar to folk but is unique to the United States and is less about story telling than about loves sought and lost
rock and roll music
Popular dance music developed in the 1950s
hip-hop
A contemporary urban music originating in the 1970s.
painting
Using the mediums of oils, watercolour, pastel, pencils, chalk, crayon etc on various grounds to express emotion or message
photography
Mechanical means of creating images of objects by use of light and light sensitive materials with chemicals or by digitals means
radio
Radio as art and entertainment
sculpture
Representation of forms in clays, stone, woods, metals or other materials
plastic art
Forms of hand created art including installations
television
Television as art and entertainment
soap opera
Episodic TV drama or saga, normally aired during daytime
theatre
Telling of a story or idea through dialogue, music and physical expression in a space or building designed for it
music theatre
Opera, operetta, music revues etc
monument and heritage site
Areas containing commemorative objects for historical people or events
institution-DEPRECATED
DEPRECATED in V 14 - term moved to 04018001
customs and tradition
A particular way of behaving, or observances that have developed over time by a group of people
arts (general)
The collective expression of message or emotion through music, literature, painting, theatre or other means
entertainment (general)
The collective use of television, radio, theatre, music and the like for the amusement of people
entertainment award
Awards for achievement in the entertainment industry, such as the Oscars for film, the Booker Prize for Literature, the Grammys for music, or induction into halls of fame.
culture (general)
The ideas, customs, arts, skills of a particular group
cultural development
The history of the development of art and culture such as the rise of cave paintings, pre-Colombian art, Chinese paper-making, anything non-political
nightclub
A commercial establishment providing music, or other entertainment along with food and drink to selected clientele
cartoon
Still images such as editorial cartoons and comic strips
animation
Animation, including full-length and short cinema, artists and merchandising of goods featuring animation characters.
mass media
Television, radio, magazines, newspapers etc
periodicals
Written material that is usually published weekly, bi-weekly, monthly or annually for a long time
news media
Television, wire services, radio that collect facts about incidents, developing and presenting them to audiences as a whole story
newspapers
Daily or weekly publications that present the day to day history of the world, as well as features, comics etc
reviews
A critical look at someone else's work, whether film, theatre or writing
internet
Internet as art and entertainment
history
Issues connected with the past; discoveries, repair, conservation or display of artifacts; anniversaries of historic events
crime, law and justice
Establishment and/or statement of the rules of behaviour in society, the enforcement of these rules, breaches of the rules and the punishment of offenders. Organizations and bodies involved in these activities.
crime
Violation of established laws by individuals, companies or organizations
homicide
Killing of one person by another
computer crime
Theft or destructive behaviour using a computer
theft
Unlawful taking
drug trafficking
Dealing in illicit often harmful substances
sexual assault
Sexual battery of one sex against another
assault (general)
Battery, slugfests, brawls and threatening behaviour
kidnapping
To seize and detain or carry away a person against that person's will by unlawful threat, force or fraud
arson
Intentional setting of fires with criminal intent
gang activity
Criminal activities by groups of individuals, usually in urban areas, who are allied by common territories, languages, ethnic backgrounds but generally are loosely organized.
terrorism
Violence against people to create fear in order to achieve political or ideological objectives
judiciary (system of justice)
The system set up to deal with crime and those who do them
lawyer
Anyone legally able to represent another person or entity in a legal matter, such as a lawyer, solicitor, barrister, procurator, notary.
judge
Members of the bench that sit in judgement
court administration
Court clerks, bailiffs, stenographers etc.
police
Agents of the legal system set up enforce the laws
law enforcement
Agencies involved in attempts to prevent disobedience to established laws, or to bring to justice those that disobey those laws
investigation
Process of inquiry of a possible crime up to the point of arrest
arrest
Detention of a suspect of a crime
punishment
The retribution handed out to those who break the laws
fine
Monetary punishment
execution
The carrying out of executions by a government or state, not by extralegal groups/organisations
prison
Also know as jails, lockups, calaboose, etc. for keeping law breakers from society
laws
The codification of rules of behaviour
criminal
The criminal code system
civil
The civil code system
justice and rights
The equitable administration of laws and regulations
civil rights
Rights of individuals under civil law
trials
The process by which guilt or innocence, or right or wrong is determined and adjudged
litigation
Taking disputed issues to court for settlement by judge and/or jury
arbitration
Resolution of disputed issues by a neutral panel
court preliminary
Pre-trial events including pleas, bail, motions, discovery, depositions.
prosecution
Stories regarding activities and investigations by public prosecutors.
defendant
The person on trial
witness
A person who testifies
organized crime
Crimes committed by gangs or criminal groups.
international law
The system of laws embraced by all nations, such as the Geneva Convention, the International Law of the Seas, etc.
international court or tribunal
The activities of international tribunals such as European court for human rights, Hague tribunal, International Court of Justice etc
extradition
Legal transfer of criminals or suspects between countries
corporate crime
Misdeeds of corporations and corporate officers
fraud
Intentional deception that causes others to give up rights or property
embezzlement
The intentional theft of money left in one's care
restraint of trade
Interference in free competition in business and trade
breach of contract
Rupture of legal agreements between companies, and with customers
anti-trust crime
Violations of laws against monopolies
corruption
General business misbehaviour
bribery
Payments or benefits to influence the outcome of a legal case
war crime
Crimes committed during a war or armed conflict, usually against civilians or POW's, including the prosecution of such crimes
inquest
Formal investigation of sudden or unexpected death and the hearing to decide cause of death.
inquiry
Formal hearing involving a disaster, political event etc. Eg rail crash, drug prescription scandal.
tribunal
Formal hearing usually involving employment issues, property etc.
disaster and accident
Man made and natural events resulting in loss of life or injury to living creatures and/or damage to inanimate objects or property.
drought
A severe lack of water over a period of time
earthquake
The shifting of the tectonic plates of the Earth, creating in some cases damage to structures
famine
Severe lack of food for a large population
fire
Ignition and consumption of materials through a combination of high heat and oxygen
flood
Surfeit of water, caused by heavy rains or melting snow, usually in places where it's not wanted
industrial accident
A mishap in a factory, a shop or an office, potentially harmful to humans
structural failures
When a building, bridge or other structures collapse because of unexpected forces or poor design
meteorological disaster
A weather-related disaster
windstorms
A storm of high velocity but non-hurricane force movements of air with little or no rain or hail. Often highly destructive
nuclear accident
A mishap involving radioactive materials
pollution
Emissions of unwanted materials in areas where it can be harmful
transport accident
An accident involving one or more vehicles
road accident
Accidents on roads.
railway accident
Accidents involving trains.
air and space accident
Accidents involving craft in air or space.
maritime accident
Accidents involving marine vessels.
volcanic eruption
A rupture in the skin of the Earth allowing molten material to escape to the surface
relief and aid organisation
Organizations set up to provide help to those in need because of lack of food, water or shelter
accident (general)
Any unplanned event that causes unwanted consequences
emergency incident
A sudden, unexpected event that requires immediate action
explosion
Sudden eruptions, usually of chemical substances
disaster (general)
Serious or sudden misfortune
natural disasters
Destructive incidents caused by the very nature of nature -- hurricanes, earthquakes, floods etc
avalanche/landslide
Sudden dislodging of massive amounts of snow or soil.
emergency planning
Planning for actions to deal with sudden, unplanned events
rescue
An operation to save people, animals or property from harm or danger.
economy, business and finance
All matters concerning the planning, production and exchange of wealth.
agriculture
The process of producing natural materials for consumption
arable farming
Production of food in the ground
fishing industry
Raising or gathering of fish
forestry and timber
Production and collection and preparation of wood products for future use
livestock farming
Raising of animals for food
viniculture
Production of wines from the vines to the finish products
aquaculture
Growing plants or animals in water for human consumption
chemicals
Natural or manmade materials used to produce other materials
biotechnology
The business of using engineering technology to study and solved problems of living organisms
fertiliser
Natural or manmade materials used to encourage the growth of plants
health and beauty product
Compilation of chemicals and other substances for use in enhancing ones looks or smell
inorganic chemical
The branch of chemistry dealing with minerals and metals
organic chemical
The branch of chemistry dealing with human, animal or carbon-based substances
pharmaceutical
The production of medicines from various chemicals and natural substances
synthetic and plastic
Chemicals used to produce plastics and other artificial substances to be used in manufacturing
computing and information technology
Anything to do with the computing and/or transmission of information from one point to another.
hardware
The physical devices used to provide computer services, such as monitors, hard drives, keyboards etc. but can also be used for equipment such as routers, servers and other network devices.
networking
The interconnectivity between hardware that provides the medium for the transmission of data.
satellite technology
Hardware and software that enables groundbased devices to send signals to each other via an orbiting satellite.
semiconductors and active components
The basic components that together create working electronic devices such as computers
software
Programming sets that, when installed on hardware, perform specified functions.
telecommunication equipment
Devices such as telephone sets, voice/data switches, modems etc that facilitate point-to-point voice/data transmissions
telecommunication service
Services provided by commercial companies that facilitate connections between telephones, pagers, computers
typo fixed in Explanation
security
To encompass technical developments in hardware and software, basic research and related areas such as cyber security
wireless technology
Transmission of information through means other than point-to-point wired hookups
construction and property
All items pertaining to the construction and sale of property
heavy construction
Large scale construction projects, construction of roads, dams, office/factory buildings, offshore and onshore structures, large sport stadiums
Explanation changed in V 15
house building
Construction of residences, for private use
real estate
The buying and selling of properties of all types
farms
Agricultural areas for the production of foodstuffs, including dairy products, fruits and livestock, such as cattle and fish
land price
The price of land in specific zoned areas such as commercial, residential arable as provided by a responsible body
In Japan, government publishes lists of standard land prices every year as an economic barometer and Newspapers take up with a lot of space.
renovation
Restoring properties/structures to a former better state by cleaning, repairing or rebuilding.
design and engineering
Design and planning by Engineers, Architects etc. of roads, offices, factories, dams , offshore structures,
energy and resource
Production of electrical power, and the water, air, sunlight, and fuels used to produce them
alternative energy
Alternative energy business
coal
Production and mining of anthracite and bituminous products for use in power production
oil and gas - downstream activities
All matters concerning oil and gas, typically refining and distribution activities
oil and gas - upstream activities
All matters concerning oil and gas, typically supply chain activities from the reservoir to the refinery gate
nuclear power
Use of radioactive materials for power production
electricity production and distribution
Primarily concerning the power line distribution system, but also the sale of electrical power at wholesale and retail levels
waste management and pollution control
The business of waste management and pollution control
water supply
The business of providing water for human use
natural resources (general)
The general use of natural resources for business purposes, not focused on specific resources such as coal, oil, gas or water
energy (general)
Energy industry, not focused on any specific sector
natural gas
A natural resource, mainly methane in an flammable gaseous state, from the ground
petrol
Distilled petroleum product used for automotive fuel, with or without additives
diesel fuel
A distilled petroleum product heavier than gasoline used not only for trucks, marine engines, but in certain forms for home heating
kerosene/paraffin
A light petroleum distillate used for cooking fuel, aircraft jet engines, lamps, heating and cleaning
financial and business service
Services that transmit, safeguard, keep track of money or provide backup to commercial enterprises
accountancy and auditing
Services provide balance sheet, budgets reconciliation and examine accuracy of financial statements
banking
Services for storing, transmitting, receiving and delivery of cash moneys
consultancy service
Providers of expert knowledge in a wide range of fields usually on a temporary, contract basis
employment agency
A service helping people find jobs, and companies to find workers
healthcare provider
Providers of medical services at all levels, including doctors, hospitals etc
insurance
A risk taking venture that allows individuals to pay small amounts periodically to guard financially against unexpected events
legal service
Lawyers and others who help companies and individuals deal with state, federal and local laws
market research
A service that tries to determine what people want to buy
stock broking
The buying and selling of company shares on behalf of individuals or other entities
personal investing
Personal finance and investment
market trend
Statistically significant consumer behaviour.
shipping service
Companies that prepare and transport packages and documents for individuals or companies by any means, including postal services.
personal service
Consumer service that is intangible e.g. beauty care as in hairdressing
janitorial service
Companies that provide cleaning and similar services for homes and businesses.
funeral parlour and crematorium
Companies that provide services for disposal of the dead
rental service
Companies which provide rentals, including motor vehicles, tuxedos, tools, heavy equipment, and other supplies
wedding service
Services and products related to the wedding industry
personal finance
An individual's income and expenses
personal income
Money that a person earns and is his/hers to keep or spend
auction service
Sales by bidding
printing/promotional service
Production of printed matter such as flyers, ads, signs etc
investment service
Financial advisers, as opposed to stock dealers or consultants
consumer goods
Items produced for and sold to individuals
clothing
Items of apparel to wear
department store
Stores largely devoted to the sale of clothing to individuals
food
Fruits, vegetables, breads, meats for human consumption
mail order
Items sold through and delivered by mail
retail
The last stage in the sales chain
speciality store
Retail outlets that specialize in categories such as shoes, coats, power tools, etc
wholesale
The first link in the sales chain after production
beverage
Liquid consumables, both alcoholic and non-alcoholic
electronic commerce
Buying and selling items through the Internet
luxury good
Leather bags, jewellery, haute couture, accessories etc
non-durable good
Lighters, pens and stationery, tableware, watches, glasses etc
toy
Children's plaything
macro economics
Broad scale economics and the world or national level
central bank
A country's major bank that sets interest rates, and provides transfer of funds between commercial banks
consumer issue
Those issues, such as prices, inflation/deflation, quality of goods, at the retail sales level
debt market
Market for trading debt instruments such as bonds, CDs, bankers acceptances, T bills, notes, IOUs etc
economic indicator
Certain indexes, such as company inventories, the movement of prices that show whether the economy is improving or declining
emerging market
Those markets that are struggling to enter the world economies and those requiring financial help from international lenders
foreign exchange market
The trading of shekels, dinars, euros dollars etc around the world through regulated markets
government aid
Supply of financial and other help by one government, usually to another
government debt
The amount a government owes on bonds, services and for goods and services for which it has no ready cash
interest rate
The amount of money one must pay to borrow money
international economic institution
Entities such as UNIDO, World Bank, World Trade Organization, the Import-Expert Bank etc that deals at a world level
international (foreign) trade
Trade of goods and services between nations
loan market
The market where money is available to borrow, at certain rates of interest
economic organization
Business, industrial and trade associations, societies and other private-sector groups.
consumer confidence
Reports on consumer confidence in the economy.
trade dispute
International dispute over trade barriers, cartels, dumping etc.
inflation and deflation
An increase in the amount of money in circulation and thereby a rise in prices; deflation, tighter monetary policy causing lower prices
prices
The monetary value of goods, services or stocks and bonds
currency values
The value of one currency as measured against another
budgets and budgeting
A method of balancing revenues against expenses
credit and debt
Credit: the amount of money available to you, often by loan. Debt, the amount you owe.
loans
An agreement by one individual or institution to temporarily disperse money to another, with an agreed rate and time for its return
mortgages
The loan of money for the purpose of purchasing a property, whether land or building. Or, for homeowners to repair or maintain properties, often based on owner equity in a property
financial markets
Institutions set up to trade the shares or other financial paper of companies or other organizations, can also include currency trading
commodity markets
The bartering or trading of goods such as cotton, oil, coal, metals, etc
investments
Speculative purchases of corporate instruments, of commodities, currencies, or parts thereof
stocks
Corporate paper that gives an individual an ownership right to a part of a company's earnings
bonds
Corporate or governmental paper representing the loan of money at a fixed rate and for a fixed time to that company or government
mutual funds
Pools of shares or bonds for sale often grouped by investment intention, such as growth, income or security
derivative securities
Financial instruments such as futures, swaps and options, used for risk management, whose characteristics and value depend upon the characteristics and value of an underlying instrument, such as a commodity, bond, equity or currency.
imports
What is bought abroad and brought into a country for resale
exports
What is produced or manufactured in your country and sent and sold elsewhere
trade agreements
Government level agreements between countries for the sale and purchase of goods and services
trade policy
Governmental decisions on tariffs, shipping, embargoes, and the types or kinds of goods and services to be imported and exported
business enterprises
Organizations set up usually for profit-making purposes by creating and selling a product or service
tariff
Fees placed on goods imported or exported, often punitive
trade balance
The difference between the financial value of imports and exports
market and exchange
Organized entities for buying and selling stocks, currencies, commodities and other goods
energy
Stories related to energy trading and markets
metal
Markets for trading base metals such as copper, aluminium, steel, zinc etc
securities
Markets for trading types of company paper such as stocks and bonds
soft commodity
Trading in commodities such as cotton, sugar, sorghum, soybeans etc.
media
The various means of disseminating news and information to the public
advertising
Methods of promoting goods and service to consumers through video, graphics, print text etc
book
The business of producing and selling bound media, whether fiction or non-fiction
cinema industry
The business of cinema
news agency
Commercial agencies for production and distribution of newsworthy events through print, broadcast, video or electronic media
newspaper and magazine
The business of producing bound and unbound printed paper products for periodic distribution of news items
online
The business of distributing news and information through computer networks for public consumption
public relation
The job of promoting products and services through advertising campaigns and/or through person-to-person contact or through news releases
radio industry
Business of radio
satellite and cable service
The business of transmitting of news, entertainment and information via satellite or cable television services
television industry
Business of television
music industry
Recording, production, marketing of music
manufacturing and engineering
Manufacturers of electrical, electronic and mechanical equipment but does not cover civil engineering.
Name changed, Explanation added in V 15
aerospace
Companies that assemble or manufacture components for airplanes and space ships.
Explanation added in V 15
automotive equipment
Companies that produce components for automobiles
defence equipment
Manufacturers of guns, tanks, cannons, ships etc for the military and non-military protection services
electrical appliance
Makers of large and small electrical goods for use in homes or business
heavy engineering
Manufacturers of cranes, bulldozers and the like for use in major construction projects
industrial component
Manufacturers of mechanical, electrical, electronic items needed in the manufacture of other items
instrument engineering
Manufacturers of instruments for calibration, measurement of things like speed, pressure, distance
shipbuilding
Manufacturers of ships, submarines, barges.
machine manufacturing
Manufacturers of turbines, engines, fans , pumps , motors and components for powered equipment.
metal and mineral
Production and refining of ores into metals
building material
Manufacture of materials like wallboard, lumber wiring for the building industry
gold and precious material
Mining, refining and sales of gold and other precious metals
iron and steel
Mining, refining and sales of iron-based metals
non ferrous metal
Mining, refining and sales of copper, zinc, aluminium, and other metals not based on iron
mining
The industry of digging for metals, raw materials such as coal, or precious gems such as diamonds
process industry
The business of turning raw materials into useable products
distiller and brewer
Manufacture of alcoholic beverages
The business of processing, distributing and selling for basic human consumption
furnishings and furniture
Manufacture of furniture, wallpaper, paints and fabrics for interior decoration
paper and packaging product
Production of paper material for writing, wrapping, printing, or packaging
rubber product
Production of rubber based materials for gloves, protective coatings, hoses and the like
soft drinks
Production of non-alcoholic drinks
textile and clothing
Production of fabrics for furnishings and fixtures, and for clothing of various types
tobacco
Growing, producing and sale of tobacco products
tourism and leisure
Tourism and leisure industries
casino and gambling
The business of providing outlets for various games of chance using cards, dice, spinning wheels to betting on animal races
hotel and accommodation
The business of providing food and shelter to travellers
recreational and sporting goods
Manufacture of goods for leisure activities
restaurant and catering
The business of providing prepared foods for customers in groups large and small
tour operator
Operators of trips either locally, as around town, or to other countries
transport
The means of getting from one place to the other without walking
air transport
Airplane and airport operations
railway
The business of transporting people or cargo by rail
road transport
The business of transport goods by trucks and highways
waterway and maritime transport
Commercial movement of people or goods via boats, ships and water
company information
Information about individual companies or business entities
accounting and audit
Changes in choice of auditing firm. Reports on impact of changes in GAAP.
annual and special corporate meeting
Announcements of upcoming meetings. Reports on meetings.
annual report
Availability or contents of annual company reports.
antitrust issue
Antitrust activities, monopoly regulation, etc.
merger, acquisition and takeover
News on mergers, takeovers or acquisitions.
analysts' comment
Stock analyst comments, analysis and recommendations.
bankruptcy
Actual bankruptcy filings.
board of directors (appointment and change)
Appointments to or changes in the board of directors for a company.
buyback
Stock buyback programs. This should be kept distinct from Stock Activity (see below).
C.E.O. interview
Interviews with Chief Executive Officers.
corporate officer
Appointments or changes in corporate officers.
corporate profile
Descriptive profiles of companies.
contract
Commercial contracts.
defence contract
The award of government contracts for defence related activity.
dividend announcement
Announcements regarding the disbursement of dividends.
earnings forecast
Analyst prediction of company earnings.
financially distressed company
Aa company is financially distressed - not yet having filed for bankruptcy.
earnings
Any increase of earnings results.
financing and stock offering
New offerings of equity including initial public offerings.
government contract
The award of government contracts not related to defence activity
global expansion
Planned or actual openings of offices in countries for the first time.
insider trading
The purchase or sales of stock by corporate officers or board members.
joint venture
Joint ventures between companies. (Not marketing related - see Marketing.)
leveraged buyout
Leveraged buyouts.
layoffs and downsizing
Planned or actual reductions in the labour force.
licensing agreement
Licensing agreements between companies.
litigation and regulation
Corporate law including litigation and regulations.
management change
Major appointments or changes in management below the level of corporate officer.
marketing
Includes news regarding joint marketing agreements between companies, adoption of new product marketing strategies, etc.
new product
Announcements of new products.
patent, copyright and trademark
News related to patents, copyright and trademarks.
plant closing
Announcements of planned or actual plant closings.
plant opening
Announcements of planned or actual plant openings.
privatisation
Privatisation (privatisation) of state run companies.
proxy filing
Filings with regulatory agencies of proxy statements for upcoming shareholder votes.
rating
Corporate and sovereign debt and credit ratings (e.g. SandP or Moody's)
research and development
Research and expenditure on new product development.
quarterly or semiannual financial statement
Availability or contents of quarterly or semi-annual corporate reports.
restructuring and recapitalisation
Sale of company units, splits of existing companies into units under a holding company, etc.
spin-off
Creation of new companies being spun off from existing companies.
stock activity
Announcements of major stock events: splits, block trades, new highs or lows, etc.
industrial production
Manufacture of durable and non-durable goods
productivity
The cost of labour to produce an item of value, often measured as output per hour per person
inventories
Goods not sold and held by the producer, wholesaler or retailer
sales
Either the exchange of goods for money, or the practice of discounting prices to increase the amount of goods sold, or to get rid of outdated merchandise
corporations
Business enterprises formally licensed with boards of directors and hierarchical structures of governance
shareholders
Anyone holding a piece of paper issued by a company which changes in value and entitles them to dividends depending on the performance of the company
corporate performance
How well a company performs, measured by its net earnings, its dividends its earnings per share and price/earnings ratio
losses
When expenses exceed revenue
credit ratings
Formal statements by certain rating agencies such as Standard and Poor's on the investment risk of a company, a country or enterprise
stock splits
Issuing multiple shares for one share of stock. Usually occurs when the price of a stock has increased so much that its purchase price is not attractive. A reverse split is when one share is issued for multiple shares, to raise the per share value.
stock options
An agreement to either buy or sell a stock when it meets a certain price
recalls (products)
A decision by a company to take back or repair a defective product
globalization
Doing business around the world
consumers
Buyers of goods and services
purchase
Items that companies buy, such as raw materials, office supplies etc.
new service
New services added by a company, such as new flight routes, etc.
economy (general)
Content of a general nature about trade and the economy
economic policy
Government directed policy on production, taxes, tariffs and things that affect the direction and health of the economy
business (general)
Content of a general nature about business
institution
Either an established law, practice or system or an organization having a social, religious, educational or similar purpose such as hospital, school, prison
code changed, was 01018001
finance (general)
Content of a general nature about finance
money and monetary policy
Government bank directed policy on the amount of money in circulation and the rate at which it can be loaned
education
All aspects of furthering knowledge of human individuals from birth to death.
adult education
Education provided for older students outside the usual age groups of 5-25
further education
Any form of education beyond basic education of several levels
parent organisation
Groups of parents set up to support schools
preschool
Education for children under the national compulsory education age
school
A building or institution in which education of various sorts is provided
elementary schools
Schools usually of a level from kindergarten through 11 or 12 years of age
middle schools
Transitional school between elementary and high school, 12 through 13 years of age
high schools
Pre-college/ university level education, 14 to 17 or 18 years of age, called freshman, sophomore, junior and senior
teachers union
Organization of teachers for collective bargaining and other purposes
university
Institutions of higher learning capable of providing doctorate degrees
upbringing
Lessons learned from parents and others as one grows up
entrance examination
Exams for entering colleges, universities, junior and senior high schools, and all other higher and lower education institutes, including cram schools, which help students prepare for exams for entry to prestigious schools.
teaching and learning
Either end of the education equation
students
People of any age in a structured environment, not necessarily a classroom, in order to learn something
teachers
People with knowledge who can impart that knowledge to others
curriculum
The courses offered by a learning institution and the regulation of those courses
test/examination
A measurement of student accomplishment
religious education
Instruction by any faith, in that faith or about other faiths, usually, but not always, conducted in schools run by religious bodies
parochial school
A school run by the Roman Catholic faith
seminary
A school of any faith specifically designed to train ministers
yeshiva
A school for training rabbis
madrasa
A school for teaching Islam
environmental issue
All aspects of protection, damage, and condition of the ecosystem of the planet earth and its surroundings.
renewable energy
Environmental impact of renewable energy, including solar, wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal
conservation
Preservation of wilderness areas, flora and fauna, including species extinction
endangered species
Those species of wildlife in danger of disappearing, largely because of changes in environment, hunting, or weather
ecosystem
A system of plants, animals and bacteria interrelated in its physical/chemical environment
energy saving
Conservation of electrical, and other power sources
environmental politics
The debate on environmental policy
environmental pollution
Corruption of air, water, land etc. by harmful substances
air pollution
Solid or gaseous matter affecting the quality of air that we breathe
water pollution
Solids or liquids that corrupt the quality of water that could be used for drinking or irrigation
natural resources
Stories about the environmental issues related to the exploitation of natural resources for human use
land resources
That portion of a nation or state that is above water and available for development either for profit or for the general good of the public
parks
Areas set aside and developed for public enjoyment and recreation, including commercial development such as theme parks
forests
Open areas of trees either available for public enjoyment, or for commercial purposes
wetlands
Areas generally marshy and not either under water or dry land. Often related to aquifers for water quality and/or wildlife
mountains
Elevated land masses formed over the ages either by erosion, volcanic eruption, or movement of massive geographical formations called plates
rivers
Moving water areas bounded by land that extend from earth sources and meander through land areas to join with other water areas. In smaller forms they are creeks, rivulets, streams etc
oceans
Salt water masses separating continents or other major geographical masses. smaller forms are seas or lakes or ponds
wildlife
All forms of animal life that have not been domesticated
energy resources
Such resources as coal, gas, wind, sunlight etc., used to generate heat, electricity and power
nature
Taken as a whole the natural environment of flora and fauna
invasive species
Non-native plants, animals and other organisms that tend to take over native species
population
People and their growth and development within a natural setting
waste
Environmental impact of waste, including recycling efforts
water
Environmental issues about bodies of water, including oceans, lakes, streams and reservoirs, as well as ice, glaciers and forms of precipitation
global warming
All issues relating to global warming including temperature research, remote sensing on temperature trends, debate on global warming, ways to reduce emissions and carbon trading.
hazardous materials
Materials that are harmful to humans or animals if they are exposed to them. Includes radiation, poison gases, chemicals, heavy metals, PCBs, and certain plant products
environmental cleanup
Processes whereby contaminated areas are cleaned of hazardous materials so they can be inhabited again by either people or animals.
health
All aspects pertaining to the physical and mental welfare of human beings.
disease
Any harmful or destructive condition
communicable diseases
Diseases that can be transmitted from one person or animal to another
virus diseases
Diseases caused by infection within cells by viruses
AIDS
Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome, an incurable disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
cancer
A serious and often fatal disease caused when normal cells mutate into tumours
heart disease
A degenerative and serious disease caused by narrowing of the arteries feeding the heart
alzheimer's disease
A disorder of the brain leading to dementia
animal diseases
Disorders affecting animals that do not necessarily endanger humans
plant diseases
Disorders affecting plants caused either by parasites or environmental factors
retrovirus
A family of RNA viruses such as those causing leukaemia and AIDS
epidemic and plague
An epidemic is a rapidly spreading condition in a community and a plague is usually a deadly disease of epidemic proportions
health treatment
In general treatment of diseases and other conditions to produce wellness
prescription drugs
Drugs that can be purchased only with a doctor's authorization
dietary supplements
Nutrients taken in addition to food to bolster health
diet
Controlled food consumption
medical procedure/test
Any of a variety of treatments such as stress tests, catheterization, blood tests, computerised axial tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging
therapy
Treatment of physical, mental or medical conditions by non-surgical means
health organisations
Includes stories about specific health organizations, including professional associations, non-profits and international groups
medical research
Investigation into the causes and cures of diseases
medical staff
Doctors, nurses, interns and others in a medical facility
primary care physician
Patient's basic health care doctor - first point of call for all health related problems
health-workers union
Issues involving industry groups for doctors, nurses, health workers etc.
medicine
A substance used with the expectation that it will eliminate disease or illness
herbal
Treatment based on the use of herbs and other plants to cure or alleviate disease symptoms
holistic
Treatment of the whole person including mental and social factors rather than just the symptoms of the disease.
western
The practice of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease based on modern scientific research in the western hemisphere.
traditional Chinese
The practice of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease based on traditional methods developed in the orient.
preventative medicine
Substances used to prevent diseases or illnesses
vaccines
Medications designed to create immunity to diseases
injury
A traumatic condition of the human body caused usually by outside forces
hospital and clinic
Medical facilities for the treatment of illnesses and injury
government health care
Health care provided by national governments
medicare
A program of the U.S. government to provide health care to senior citizens
medicaid
A program of the U.S. government to provide health care to needy citizens of all ages
private health care
Health care provided by privately funded or insured organizations
healthcare policy
Health-related policy decisions including what different countries are doing regarding prescription drug policies, AIDS, psychiatric care, health care funding and related topics.
food safety
Issues relating to food cleanliness and contamination
medical specialisation
The different medical specialist areas.
geriatric
Research into aging and age-related issues including age-related illnesses, medical research, trends, geriatric medicine and related topics like age discrimination and health insurance for an ageing population.
pediatrics
Research and medicine specifically for the young - includes premature babies, infant care, childhood disease and treatment - also teen-related health and behaviour problems.
reproduction
Reproductive technologies like invitro fertilization and cloning as well as related debates. Sexual development matters and sexually transmitted diseases would also fall under this category.
genetics
The science and research into genetic-base disease and cures for disease. This would include proteomics (the study of what proteins are produced by which genes and what those proteins do), general genetics and stem-cell research.
obstetrics/gynecology
Specialty of female reproductive organs
medical service
Medical support for doctors, including blood tests and other medical tests on individuals, X-rays CAT scans MRIs etc.
physical fitness
The condition of a person's cardio-vascular and muscular health.
illness
Non-specific maladies such as stomach aches, headaches, flat feet, lumbago
mental illness
Those illnesses affecting the mind
eating disorder
Anorexia, bulimia, overeating and similar illnesses
obesity
A condition of body weight generally considered 20 percent above the norm for gender, age, height and bone structure
medical conditions
Various stages of disease, illness or injury
patient
Issues which affect population in general as attendees at hospitals or doctors' surgeries.
human interest
Lighter items about individuals, groups, animals or objects.
animal
Animals of all types
curiosity
Content of an unusual nature that can raise questions or amuse
people
Unusual content about people of all levels
advice
Letters and answers about personal problems that are publishable
celebrity
Celebrity news, i.e. Madonna has a baby, Elton John sues his accountants etc.
accomplishment
Achievements by individuals or groups, such as charitable fundraising, winning a competitive contest etc
human mishap
Stories arising from silly/stupid human errors e.g. like forgetting to tie one end of a bungee cord
fortune-telling
The forecasting of future events or the delineation of character by methods not ordinarily considered to have a rational basis
mystery
Something unexplained or unknown
society
Stories of well-known people
ceremony
Rituals of a non-religious nature such as dedications, wreath layings, ship launchings etc
death
The human interest aspects of the demise of a person
funeral
The ceremony to intern the remains of a person
estate bestowal
The distribution of the estate of a person according to their will and any disagreements between the heirs
memorial
Commemorative ceremony or object - plaque, statue etc - in remembrance of a person.
award and prize
Decorations, awards and prizes, including those given by the government.
record
Non-sport achievement by an individual or group that sets a new record, such as most books read, holding your breath longest
imperial and royal matters
Imperial and royal family members, including matters on legal systems.
plant
An organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, grasses, ferns, and mosses, typically growing in a permanent site
labour
Social aspects, organizations, rules and conditions affecting the employment of human effort for the generation of wealth or provision of services and the economic support of the unemployed.
apprentices
People who are in the work force at a learning level, serving under a master
collective contract
Usually written contracts covering a specific class of worker
contract issue-wages
Element of contracts and contract discussions centring on remuneration
contract issue-healthcare
Element of contracts and contract discussions centring on health care issues
contract issue-work rules
Element of contracts and contract discussions centring on rules affecting issues such as lunch and other breaks, work shifts, vacation scheduling, seniority, sick leave etc.
employment
Paid labour
labor market
A pool of people who are working or are seeking work
job layoffs
The reduction of a company's work force through dismissal because of changing economic factors
child labor
Employment of children, usually under the age of 18
occupations
Generally one's trade, profession or business although professions are usually such things as lawyers and doctors, and occupations are such as clerks or truckers
labour dispute
Differences of opinion about work conditions, pay, etc
labour legislation
Laws governing work and labour
retirement
The years after work
retraining
Providing a worker training in new skills when his old skills are no longer applicable
strike
A job action involving cessation of work
unemployment
Lack of paid work
unions
Groups established to represent bodies of workers
wage and pension
Parts of a salary divided for current income and future income
employee benefits
Either benefits provided to an employee by a company, such as pensions, health insurance; or monetary compensation paid by a government to the jobless usually called unemployment benefits
social security
FICA. Money paid by individual and companies into a government account to be paid out when that individual reaches a certain age
work relations
The give and take between management and labour
health and safety at work
Rules and procedures for guaranteeing the health of workers
advanced training
Additional training to enhance current skills
employer
The person who employs workers and pays the salaries and other benefits to workers
employee
A person who trades his time and talent for money and other benefits
lifestyle and leisure
Activities undertaken for pleasure, relaxation or recreation outside paid employment, including eating and travel.
game
Contests generally for ones amusement
A strategic, deterministic Chinese board game played by alternately placing stones on a grid
Explanation changed in V17
chess
A game played on a chequered board with 16 pieces to each side with specific ranges of movement depending on their identity
bridge
A card game of four players who bet on the hands of each other, developed from Russian whist
shogi
A strategic board games which is native to Japan and is often called Japanese chess
gaming and lottery
Gambling, often involving selection of sets of numbers one expects to come up
gastronomy
The art of good eating
organic foods
Food which is grown using no artificial fertilizers or chemical compounds
hobby
Various types of activities for amusement, such as collecting stamps, building models, quilting, crafts
DIY
DIY - do it yourself. Normally the construction, repair or maintenance of residential property by an amateur
shopping
Consumer purchasing and related trends, but not the business aspects of retailing
gardening
The non-commercial aspects of landscaping, growing plants, trees and other vegetation that gives pleasure to the gardener and others
holiday or vacation
Leisure travel to a single location and/or country over a short period of time
tourism
Leisure travel involving visits to a number of locations and/or countries over an extended period of time, often as part of an organized group
travel and commuting
Transport options, travel networks, commuting, car pooling and business travel
traffic
Traffic reports and/or warnings
club and association
Organizations joined by individuals because of similar interests
lifestyle (house and home)
Unique culture of ones own home
leisure (general)
Activities carried out in ones' spare time
public holiday
A day or days set off for celebration
hunting
An activity involving the use of weapons or traps for the capturing of animals
fishing
An activity involving the use of baits, lures, weapons and traps for the capture of aquatic species
auto trends
The evolution of the automobile
adventure
Expeditions, daring feats, exploration, record-breaking, risk-associated events
beauty
Issues relating to improving one's appearance and attractiveness, including reviews of beauty products
Shopping, products for the home, relevant surveys, product recalls
wedding
The marriage ceremony and the events that surround it - showers, rehearsal, parties, honeymoon, etc.
politics
Local, regional, national and international exercise of power, or struggle for power, and the relationships between governing bodies and states.
defence
Anything involving the defence of one's own country
veterans affairs
Care and provision for those who served in the military
national security
The philosophy of securing a nation and its borders, as well as the well being of its citizens
security measures
Means of making a nation, a state, a building or a person secure from harm and outside interference.
armed Forces
Those employed by a government to conduct war, or to enforce the security of a nation
military equipment
Equipment issued to members of the armed forces
firearms
Anything that uses an explosive in a directed manner to propel an object that can maim or kill
biological and chemical weapons
Devices using biological agents, or chemical mixtures to disable, maim or kill an opponent
missile systems
Anything that propels an inert, explosive, biological or chemical object through the air with the aim of disabling, maiming or killing an opponent.
nuclear weapons
Weapons that use controlled radioactivity from the decay of certain elements to disable, maim or kill an opponent
diplomacy
The use of verbal and written skills for persuading others to your point of view
summit
Includes meetings of leaders, foreign and finance ministers from the Group of Eight major nations and Group of Seven industrialized nations.
international relations
Non-violent relations between nations through negotiation, treaty, or personal meetings
FormalName error fixed
peace negotiations
Negotiations intended to bring an end to a conflict
alliances
Coalitions of like-minded groups formed to present a stronger force against any challenges
election
The selection of representatives by the casting of votes
political candidates
Individuals who are chosen to stand for office
political campaigns
Campaigns for public office
campaign finance
The money that makes campaigns for public office possible
national elections
Choosing individuals for government at a national level
regional elections
Choosing individuals for government at a regional level
local elections
Choosing individuals for government at the basic level, whether city, village or county
voting
The act of selecting an individual you would like to represent your interests in government
poll
Periodic measurement of a political candidate's standing with the public
european elections
Choosing individuals for a body which is at a higher level than national government, e.g. European parliament
primary
Preliminary elections on a local or regional basis leading up to a regional or national election
espionage and intelligence
Covert collection of information
foreign aid
Help provided by one nation to another
economic sanction
Punitive actions taken by one country against another including trade restrictions, embargoes etc.
government
The system for ruling a country
civil and public service
The paid service by civilians for the government, and the often non-paid service of individuals for the benefit of others (public service)
safety of citizens
Government policies to protect the well being of its citizens
think tank
Group that undertakes political research and issue position papers, recommendations etc
national government
The ruling body of a nation
executive (government)
That portion of a ruling body involving the overall operation of government
heads of state
Symbolic or actual chief representative of a nation, such as royalty, or president or emir, for example
government departments
Divisions of a government that concentrate on specific areas such as health, welfare, economy or war
public officials
Individuals, usually elected, who are in public service or commonly in the public eye.
ministers (government)
Heads of various government departments at one level, also known as secretaries. At another level they form a legislative body. The chief minister is either prime minister or premier.
public employees
People employed by a government at all levels
The privatisation of state-owned companies or property
nationalisation
State takeover of private companies or property
impeachment
The process of bringing a public official before a tribunal to answer charges of wrongdoing
human rights
Rights entitled to be enjoyed by all citizens universally
local authority
Authorities at city, county state or borough level
parliament
The collective body of elected officials representing the people
upper house
Senior chamber of a legislative body
lower house
The lower chamber of a legislative body
parties and movements
Covers both formally recognized and informal political associations
non government organizations (NGO)
Groups officially outside of government that lobby, demonstrate or campaign on a wide range of issues such as economics, environment healthcare etc.
refugee
A person seeking shelter in another country because of some fear of persecution in his own country
regional authority
Government bodies at levels encompassing more than one jurisdiction, e.g. the Delaware River Basin Commission
state budget and tax
The national budget as promulgated by the government
public finance
The money of government used for paying for public programs and services and public debt
treaty and international organisation-DEPRECATED
DEPRECATED in V 16, split to SubjectMatters 11027 and 11028
international relations-DEPRECATED
moved to SubjectMatter 11002 in V16
peace negotiations-DEPRECATED
alliances-DEPRECATED
constitution
Usually a written document setting forth the operations of a government and the rights of the citizens therein
interior policy
Government policies affecting internal affairs of a country
data protection
Efforts to protect personal information in either written, oral or electronic form
housing and urban planning
Systematic planning of urban and suburban areas and the housing within those areas
pension and welfare
Government policies affecting the well being of its citizens through unemployment benefits, state pensions and other similar payments
personal weapon control
Government control of personal ownership of firearms and other offensive weapons, including control of weapons used for sports through licenses and other means
indigenous people
Government policies toward indigenous peoples
personal data collection
The collection, by government or other entities of information on individuals
planning inquiries
Public hearings or planning inquiries on proposed constructions, e.g. Construction of water driven power station in a National Park.
migration
Movement of one body of persons from one place to another
citizens initiative and recall
Political suggestions by non-government officials for corrective action, or for changes in existing rules and regulations
referenda
Political proposals, laws and actions suggested by non-government officials to be voted on by the entire voting body
nuclear policy
Government policies as regards to use of nuclear fuels for power production or weapons
lobbying
The attempt by non-government bodies and individual to affect the outcome of legislation through verbal, or other, persuasion
regulatory policy and organisation
The rules and bodies, both national and international, that govern conflict of interest and good practice regulations.
censorship
Attempts by any group to control freedoms of speech, religion, and ideas distributed in print, graphics, cyberspace and other ways. Does not include official standards such as cinema ratings, advertising and broadcast standards.
replaced by *freedom of press* in V 12, reintroduced in V13
politics (general)
The art or science of participating in the affairs of government, a state of political party
political systems
Systems designed to provide order to government
democracy
Government in which the people hold the power either directly, or through elected officials.
political development
The creation and rise of political systems and the history of the people and nations that are associated with those systems.
freedom of the press
Mass media rights and freedoms, pressure and intimidation of the journalists, censorship in mass media, activities of government bodies, journalistic associations and/or organizations and other NGOs in regards to press freedom
replaced *censorship* in V12, added as new Topic in V13
freedom of religion
Religious rights and freedoms, pressure and intimidation of the believers, censorship in mass media, activities of government bodies, journalistic associations and/or organizations and other NGOs in regards to freedom of belief and practice
treaty
A treaty (as defined by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties) is a written agreement between international entities that is binding under international law.
international organisation
Includes organisations with members and functions that cross international borders, and may include intergovernmental organisations of sovereign nations.
religion and belief
All aspects of human existence involving theology, philosophy, ethics and spirituality.
cult and sect
Offshoots of established religious bodies, or small narrow-focused group promulgated by one or two individuals
belief (faith)
The established beliefs of an individuals religion
unificationism
The belief system of members of the Unification Church established by the Rev. Sun Myung Moon.
scientology
Believe that man is a spiritual being endowed with abilities well beyond those which he normally envisages; he's able to solve his own problems, accomplish his goals and gain lasting happiness.
freemasonry
A secret international society based on the principles of brotherhood, charity and mutual aid
religion-DEPRECATED
SubjectMatter deprecated, SubjectDetails moved to other SubjectMatter
christianity-DEPRECATED
moved to 12009000
islam-DEPRECATED
moved to 12010000
judaism-DEPRECATED
moved to 12011000
buddhism-DEPRECATED
moved to 12012000
hinduism-DEPRECATED
moved to 12013000
church (organisation)-DEPRECATED
moved to 12000001/SubjectQualifier
religious facilities-DEPRECATED
moved to 12000002/SubjectQualifier
values
Personal levels of social behaviour
ethics
A system of beliefs about acceptable behaviour
corrupt practices
Any action which is harmful to others
church and state relations
The legal and social division between religious institutions and the affairs of state
philosophy
Different thoughts about the way the world works
christianity
Those that use Jesus Christ and his teachings as their centre of belief
moved from 12004001
protestant
General term for christian churches and religious communities which developed through the reformation in the 16th century
lutheran
Christians who follow the teaching of reformer Martin Luther
reformed
Christians who follow the teaching of reformers Johannes Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli
anglican
Members of the worldwide anglican communion which started in the 16th century in England as a breakaway church from the roman catholic church
methodist
Followers of John and Charles Wesley who tried to reform the Church of England in the 18th century and turned into a separate church
baptist
Members of a christian church which only baptises adults who truly believe in Christ
mennonite
Members of a 16th century christian church which is against military service and baptising infants
mormon
Members of a religious community which believes in the *Book of Mormon* and the revelations of founder M.J. Smith
roman catholic
Biggest christian church worldwide tracing its origins back to Jesus Christ
old catholic
Members of a catholic church which started in 1870 and denies the dogma of the infallibility of the pope
orthodoxy
Eastern rite churches which are characterised by their continuity with the apostolic church, their liturgy and their territorial churches, mainly in eastern and south-eastern Europe and the Middle East
salvation army
Christian community organised in a military fashion which does missionary and social work
islam
Those who use Allah and his teachings as their centre of belief
moved from 12004002
judaism
A group believing in one god, basing their beliefs on written scriptures and the Talmud, including the first coming of the Messiah
moved from 12004003
buddhism
A major Asian religion founded by Buddha in the 6th century BC in India and preaching that right thinking and self denial will lead to a divine state without desire
moved from 12004004
hinduism
A religious and social system, believing in a caste system with the Brahmans the highest and untouchables the lowest.
moved from 12004005
religious festival or holiday
Holy day or day of observance in a religion which sometimes is a public holiday as well
christmas
Christian festival in commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ
easter
Christian festival in commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ
pentecost
Christian festival, celebrated on the 50th day after Easter commemorating the descent of the Holy Spirit
ramadan
Holy month of fasting in Islam
yom kippur
Most solemn of Jewish religious holidays, observed on the 10th day of the lunar month of tishri (in the course of September and October, when Jews seek reconciliation with god
religious leader
Person or persons who have a ritual, juridical or otherwise leading role in their respective church or religion
pope
Head of the roman catholic church worldwide
nature religion
Worship of natural elements like fire, water, trees, mountains
taoism
Indigenous religio-philosophical tradition that has shaped Chinese life for more than 2000 years
shintoism
Indigenous religious beliefs and practices of Japan. The word Shinto came into use in order to distinguish indigenous Japanese beliefs from Buddhism.
sikhism
The religion of an Indian group, combining Hindu and Islamic elements, founded in the Punjab (or Panjab) in the late 15th century AD by Guru Nanak.
jainism
A religion of India that teaches a path to spiritual purity and enlightenment through a disciplined mode of life founded upon the tradition of ahimsa, non-violence to all living creatures. It began in the 7th-5th century BC.
parsasm
A religion in India following the Iranian prophet Zoroaster, mainly in Bombay, but also in Karachi (Pakistan).
confucianism
The way of life propagated by Confucius in the 6th-5th century BC and followed by the Chinese people for more than 2000 years. Its influence has extended to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.
religious text
Scriptures holy or important for a church or religion
bible
Sacred scriptures of Christianity consisting of the old and new testament
qur'an
Holy book of Islam
torah
Holy scriptures of Judaism
interreligious dialogue
Any form of communication between religions
religious event
News regarding a religious event but not a festival or holiday
catholic convention
A catholic convention
protestant convention
A protestant convention
ritual
Established religious rituals such as mass, baptism, prayer meetings
concordat
Treaty between the Holy See and another country for the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs in the territory of the latter
ecumenism
Relations between christian churches
science and technology
All aspects pertaining to human understanding of nature and the physical world and the development and application of this knowledge
applied science
Stories about putting scientific knowledge to practical uses in the fields of the medical sciences, agriculture, domestic sciences as well as trades and crafts
physics
The study of the properties and changes of matter
chemistry
The study of the composition and reaction of substances
cosmology
Study of the organization and structure of the universe
particle physics
The study of elementary particles and atomic nuclei through the use of high-energy particles
engineering
Stories about putting scientific knowledge to practical uses in the fields of civil, electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering
material science
The study of materials used in manufacturing
human science
Sociology, psychology, anthropology and political science
social sciences
The study of people living in groups, as families, tribes and communities
The study of human events of the past
psychology
The study of the human mind and mental and emotional processes
sociology
The study of human social relations, organization and change
anthropology
The study of human beings in groups or societies
natural science
Astronomy, astrophysics, physics, chemistry, earth sciences, palaeontology, biological sciences, botany and zoology, as well as mathematics
geology
The study of Earth's physical processes
paleontology
The study of ancient animals
geography
The study of the surface of Earth and its political divisions
botany
The study of plants
zoology
The study of animals
physiology
The study of vital processes of living organisms
astronomy
The study of the stars and planets
biology
The study of living organisms
philosophical science
Philosophy, logic and ethics, among others
research
Methodical investigation of events, procedures etc to explain why they occur, or to find solutions for problems
survey
Examination of public attitudes on various subjects or issues, such as the quality of goods, the value of services etc.
scientific exploration
Methodical land, sea and space journeys to discover new information about them
space programme
The government's organized effort for the exploration of outer space and the bodies therein
science (general)
Establishing and systematizing information about nature and the physical world through observation, experimentation and hypothesis
technology (general)
The study of the practical or industrial arts, and applied sciences such as physics, hydrodynamics and thermodynamics
rocketry
The development of rockets
laser
The development and use of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
standards
The rules, national and international, that govern science and technology. These might include international standards setting for equipment and interference standards.
animal science
Science involving animals
micro science
The multi-disciplinary areas of nanotechnology and Micro-Electrical Mechanical Systems.
marine science
The multi-disciplinary research areas involving the worlds' waterways and oceans. This could include hyper-spectral sensing of ice flows, fisheries studies and underwater research.
weather science
All scientific aspects of the weather and climate.
electronics
The branch of engineering or physics concerned with the controlled flow of electrons or other carriers of electric charges, especially in semiconductor devices, including the design, manufacture, and maintenance of electronic devices
identification technology
Includes biometrics, new computer-based identification cards, retinal scans, face scanning and mobile augmented reality systems (MARS) and other ways technology can identify individuals. Also technology vs. the privacy of personal information.
mathematics
The study of quantities and shapes and their symbolic relationships.
Manipulating natural organisms for scientific, medical or agricultural purposes
agricultural research and technology
Pertaining to the growing of crops and management of farm animals
nanotechnology
Manipulating objects at the molecular scale
IT/computer sciences
The study and design of computer systems and networks.
scientific institutions
Institutions that carry out or govern scientific work (e.g. National Academy of Arts and Sciences )
social issue
Aspects of the behaviour of humans affecting the quality of life.
addiction
The habitual and often uncontrollable use of harmful substances such as alcohol, tobacco and pharmaceuticals or drugs
charity
Philanthropic giving
demographics
The study of people and here they live and how they interact
population and census
Population is the number of people in a geographical region and census is the process of counting them
immigration
Movement of individuals from one country to the other
illegal immigrants
Movement of individuals from one country to the other by illicit means
emigrants
People who leave their country of origin, their relationship with their country of origin and their association with fellow emigrants
disabled
Being incapacitated either physically, emotionally or mentally
euthanasia (also includes assisted suicide)
Voluntary death with the aid of another
suicide
Death by one's own hand
family
A group of individuals related by blood or marriage
parent and child
Two or more individuals with a hierarchical familial relationship
adoption
A legal process of bringing a child with no supporting parents into a supportive union
marriage
The union of two individuals who pledge fidelity, respect and support for each other
divorce
The process by which a marriage is dissolved
sex
The classification of individuals as either male or female. Or conjugal relationship between two individuals.
courtship
Preliminaries of wooing and winning a partner
family planning
Conscious decisions and efforts involving reproduction
health insurance
Insurance covering extraordinary medical costs
homelessness
Lacking a fixed place of residence
minority group
A group of people classified by race, language, religion or other characteristic numerically smaller than others of the same classification
gays and lesbians
Those that consider themselves attracted to their same gender in an erotic or sensual or similar way.
national or ethnic minority
Groups of people that form a minority on ethnic or national basis, their status, problems and relations to the majority
pornography
Audio or visual depictions of various sex related acts considered outside accepted community standards
poverty
Having insufficient resources to provide for basic services to oneself or family
prostitution
Sex for sale, either male or female, and those who profit from it
racism
Harmful attitudes toward another group based on racial differences
welfare
Generally government help for those in need of food, housing health and other services
abortion
Usually the planned disruption of the process of reproduction of human life
missing person
A person who is not where they are expected to be for a period of time
missing due to hostilities
People, both civilian and military, missing during or after hostilities
long term care
Extensive health care because of serious illness or disability
juvenile delinquency
Incidents involving perpetrators who are minors.
nuclear radiation victims
Includes antinuclear movements and compensation for atomic blast victims.
slavery
The involuntary servitude, outside of legal incarceration for statuary criminal offences, of men, women and children, including involuntary unpaid labour, coerced actions, child labour
abusive behaviour
The maltreatment of one or more individuals by others through dehumanizing treatment including sexual or mental abuse, deprivation of sensory abilities, deprivation of physical needs, physical mistreatment including beatings, and other forms of torture
death and dying
Dying is the route to death. Death is the state you are in when there are no signs that you can function as a human being either physically or mentally
Individuals as a whole, sometimes broken down into various classes, such as indigenous people, people of class etc
children
Immature people, usually up to the age of puberty
infants
Those people from birth until ages of one or two, usually when they begin walking
teen-agers
People aged 13 to 19 years of age
adults
People aged 20 and above
senior citizens
People aged 60 or 65 and older
social issues (general)
Issues affecting a number of individuals in their daily lives like housing, food, education, personal relationships
social conditions
Conditions under which people live in terms of housing, water supply, availability of education
social problems
Issues affecting the lives of individuals such as housing, education nutrition, communication etc
discrimination
Denial of services to one or more people because of race, colour, sexual identity, religion, political beliefs etc
social services
Government supported programs to improve the well-being of individuals or groups of individuals
death penalty policies
National or international polices regarding death sentences
ordnance clearance
The removal or neutralization of ordnance such as landmines or cluster bombs, remaining after a war or armed conflict
reconstruction
The reconstruction of economy, infrastructure and property, as well as life in general, after a war or natural disaster
sport
Competitive exercise involving physical effort. Organizations and bodies involved in these activities.
aero and aviation sport
Parachuting, freefall (parapente, delta-plane), gliding, aerostat, motorised flight (airplane, ultra light craft, helicopter)
parachuting
Parachuting competitions: precision landings, voltige, individual and team
sky diving
Parachuting competitions involving sky-diving
alpine skiing
Skiing downhill on snow-covered slopes as fast as possible. The slopes contain intermediate gates which are spaced according to the discipline involved
downhill
Skiing at top speed down a steep slope with interspersed turns but no gates. The fastest wins.
giant slalom
Skiing down a slope, but with more turns and bends than in super-G skiing. The fastest wins.
super G
Skiing down a steep slope, but with more turns and bends than in the downhill. The fastest wins.
slalom
Skiers must zig-zag their way down a slope with closely positioned gates which they must negotiate. It is run over two legs with the combined fastest winning.
combined
Race, usually competed over two days that combines a downhill leg and a slalom leg rewarding the most complete skiers. Combined fastest time wins.
American football
Team ball game that opposes two teams that have attack sections and defence sections. Each attack goes up against the other defence and attempts to move an oval-shaped ball down the field and into the end-zone to mark a touchdown and earn points.
(US) National Football League (NFL) (North American)
The association of professional American football teams
CFL
The Canadian Football League (CFL), also known as Ligue Canadienne de Football (LCF), is a professional league located entirely in Canada that plays Canadian football.
re-added, with corresponding explanation
AFL-DEPRECATED
The American Football League (AFL) was a professional league of American football that operated from 1960 to 1969. In 1970, the AFL merged with the National Football League.
explanation fixed - and code deprecated
archery
Archers use bows and arrows to aim at targets 1.22 metres in diameter which are on average 70 metres distant.
FITA / Outdoor target archery
The competition is held outdoors on an open (flat) field, at various fixed distances. The archery competition in the Olympic Games is a part of the FITA outdoor target archery program.
crossbow shooting
Shooting with crossbow on targets from different distances
athletics, track and field
Competitions involving foot races, jumping and throwing which can be on a track inside a stadium or on outside roads
Running over a distance of 100 metres with the fastest time winning
Running over a distance of 200 metres with the fastest time winning
Running over a distance of 400 metres with the fastest time winning
Running over a distance of 800 metres with the fastest time winning
Running over a distance of 1000 metres with the fastest time winning
mile
Running over a distance of one mile with the fastest time winning
Running over a distance of 2000 metres with the fastest time winning
Running over a distance of 3000 metres with the fastest time winning
Running over a distance of 5000 metres with the fastest time winning
Running over a distance of 10,000 metres with the fastest time winning
20 km
Walking over a distance of 20 km on public roads with the fastest time winning
one hour
Walking as far as possible in the time of one hour
Walking over a distance of 25km with the fastest time winning
Walking over a distance of 30kms with the fastest time winning
110 m hurdles
Race consisting of covering 110 metres as fast as possible while jumping over 10 hurdles placed on the track
400 m hurdles
Race consisting of covering 400 metres as fast as possible while jumping over 10 hurdles placed on the track
3000 m steeplechase
Race consisting of covering 3000 metres as fast as possible while jumping over 28 hurdles which are 91/4 centimetres high and seven water obstacles
high jump
Competitors jump as high as possible over a bar which is raised each time they clear the height. The highest clearance wins.
pole vault
Competitors use a flexible pole to propel themselves feet-first into the air and clear a bar which is raised higher at each round of jumps.
long jump
Competitors build up speed over a short sprint and them attempt to jump as far forward as they can from a given point into sand trap. The longest jump wins.
triple jump
Competitors build up speed over a short sprint and then attempt to jump as far forward as they can using a hop, skip and a jump technique. The longest jump wins.
shot put
Competitors stand in a circle with a 2.13 metres diameter and attempt to throw a metal ball weighing 7.26 kg for men and 4kg for women as far as possible. The longest throw wins.
discus throw
Competitors stand in a netted circle with a 2.50 metres diameter and with a turning motion attempt to throw a discus weighing 2kg for men and 1kg for women as far as possible. The longest throw wins.
hammer throw
Competitors throw a hammer consisting of a metal ball, chain and handle as far as they can from a netted circle which is 2.13 metres in diameter. The hammer weighs 7.26 kg for men and 4 kg for women.
javelin throw
Competitors in a specially-designated throwing area attempt to fling a spear-like javelin as far as possible. The javelin weighs 800 grammes for men and 600 grammes for women.
decathlon
Individual men's competition which involves accumulating points in 10 different disciplines over two days: 1st day - 100m, long-jump, shot-putt, high-jump, 400m. 2nd day - 110m hurdles, discus, pole-vault, javelin and 1,500 metres.
4x100 m
Team race involving four runners each covering 100 metres.
4x200 m
Team race involving four runners each covering 200 metres.
4x400 m
Team race involving four runners each covering 400 metres.
4x800 m
Team race involving four runners each covering 800 metres.
Team race involving four runners each covering 1500 metres.
walk 1 h
One-hour long race where competitors must maintain at least one foot in contact with the ground and are not allowed to run.
walk 2 h
Two-hour long walking race where competitors must maintain at least one foot in contact with the ground and are not allowed to run.
10 km walk
Walking race over 10 kilometres where competitors must maintain at least one foot in contact with the ground and are not allowed to run.
15 km walk
Walking race over 15 kilometres where competitors must maintain at least one foot in contact with the ground and are not allowed to run.
20 km walk
Walking race over 20 kilometres where competitors must maintain at least one foot in contact with the ground and are not allowed to run.
30 km walk
Walking race over 30 kilometres where competitors must maintain at least one foot in contact with the ground and are not allowed to run.
50 km walk
Walking race over 50 kilometres where competitors must maintain at least one foot in contact with the ground and are not allowed to run.
100 m hurdles
Sprint over a distance of 100 metres with competitors having to clear 10 hurdles placed in their way.
5 km walk
Walking race over 5 kilometres where competitors must maintain at least one foot in contact with the ground and are not allowed to run.
heptathlon
Individual women's competition involving seven separate disciplines over two days. 1st day - 100m hurdles, high-jump, shot-putt, 200 metres. 2nd day - long-jump, javelin, 800 metres.
1500 m walk
Walking race over 1500 metres where competitors must maintain at least one foot in contact with the ground and are not allowed to run.
2000 m walk
Walking race over 2000 metres where competitors must maintain at least one foot in contact with the ground and are not allowed to run.
3000 m walk
Walking race over 3000 metres where competitors must maintain at least one foot in contact with the ground and are not allowed to run.
50 m
Short sprint race over 50 metres with the fastest time winning.
50 m hurdles
Short sprint race over 50 metres interspersed with hurdles.
50 yards
Short sprint race over 50 yards with the fastest time winning.
50 yard hurdles
Short sprint race over 50 yards interspersed with hurdles.
60 m
Short sprint race over 60 metres with the fastest time winning.
60 m hurdles
Short sprint race over 60 metres interspersed with hurdles.
60 yards
Short sprint race over 60 yards with the fastest time winning.
60 yard hurdles
Short sprint race over 60 yards interspersed with hurdles.
100 yards
Sprint race over 100 yards with the fastest time winning.
100 yard hurdles
Sprint race over 100 yards interspersed with hurdles.
Race over 300 metres with the fastest time winning.
300 yards
Race over 300 yards with the fastest time winning.
440 yards
Race over 440 yards with the fastest time winning.
Race over 500 metres with the fastest time winning.
500 yards
Race over 500 yards with the fastest time winning.
Race over 600 metres with the fastest time winning.
600 yards
Race over 600 yards with the fastest time winning.
880 yards
Race over 880 yards with the fastest time winning.
1000 yards
Race over 1000 yards with the fastest time winning.
2 miles
Race over two miles with the fastest time winning.
3 miles
Race over three miles with the fastest time winning.
6 miles
Race over six miles with the fastest time winning.
4x1 mile
Team Relay race with four runners on each team running for one mile.
pentathlon
Only indoor, 60m hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump, 800 m
badminton
Two players or two teams of two compete by hitting a shuttlecock weighing approximately five grams over a high net. The aim for each player/team is to prevent the shuttlecock landing on their side of the court.
baseball
A game between two teams of nine played on an enclosed ground. The team which scores the most points wins. A point is scored when a player runs around the ground marked out by four bases.
Explanation shortened
Major League Baseball (North American Professional) - American League
Baseball league comprising 14 teams.
Major League Baseball (North American Professional) - National League
Baseball league comprising 16 teams.
Major League Baseball (North American Professional) - Special (e.g. All-Star, World Series)
Baseball competition other than the World Series.
rubberball baseball
Sometimes called ''soft baseball,'' the game is played with a rubber baseball of varying degrees of hardness depending upon the age and level of the players.
Major League Baseball Playoffs
Consists of several rounds of play to determine representatives to the U.S.-based World Series
World Series
U.S.-based annual series of games between the top two teams of Major League Baseball to determine the overall champion
basketball
Game played between two teams of five - points are scored by placing the large inflated ball into a net fixed on a ring 3.05m above the ground.
National Basketball Association (North American Professional)
The NBA is the umbrella organisation running professional basketball in the United States. The NBA is made up of two conferences (east and west), four divisions (Atlantic and Central for the East, and Midwest and Pacific for the west).
professional - Women general
Women's professional league
Swiss netball
Similar to Basketball. Basket without a board. Mainly executed by women
German netball
Same as Swiss Netball, but with specific German rules
Dutch netball
Same as Swiss Netball, but with specific Dutch rule
biathlon
A combination of cross country skiing and target shooting in a pursuit format.
7.5 km
Timed cross country skiing race. Competitors set off at 30sec intervals for three circuits totalling 7.5km.
10 km
Sprint races for men, pursuit for women.
15 km
Individual women's race in sprint format staged over three laps with competitors setting off at intervals of a minute.
Individual men's race in sprint format staged over five laps with competitors setting off at intervals of a minute.
4x7.5 km relay
Teams consisting of four biathletes with each team covering a distance of 7.5km with two rounds of target shooting.
12.5 km pursuit
The start is determined by the results from the sprint. A race held over five laps with target shooting (standing or prone)
billiards, snooker and pool
A game played on a flat table covered with a cloth (baize) where players hit balls according to specific rules using a wooden cue.
8 ball
A game using 15 balls and a white. The first player aims to pot the balls numbered 1-7 (solids) with the second player potting balls 9-15 (stripes). After that the first player to pot the black wins.
9 ball
A game played with nine balls numbered 1-9, and a white. On each turn the player must hit the lowest numbered ball.
A player nominates the ball he is attempting to pot and into which pocket. He collects points for each successful hit. He continues until he makes a mistake. Before hitting the 15th ball, the 14 reds are set up again in the triangle.
continuous-DEPRECATED
DEPRECATED in V 16
other-DEPRECATED
snooker
Two players using a cue and a white ball to *sink* other coloured balls in a correct order on a baize table and to cause an opponent to miss-hit by positioning the white ball in an inappropriate place - snookering.
bobsleigh
In bobsleigh two or four persons race down a course sitting in a sled that consists of a main hull, a frame, two axles and sets of runners. The total time of all heats in a competition is added together to determine the winner.
two-man sled
race consisting of a team of two competitors
four-man sled
race consisting of a team of four competitors
bowling
A game in which a player scores points by trying to knock down ten 'pins' using a ball - if unsuccessful the player has a second attempt. A game consists of ten frames.
bowls and petanque
A game in which players throw bowls at a target, the winner being the player who lands closest.
boxing
Combat sport in which two men/women fight using only their fists covered by padded gloves in a square ring measuring 6m a side. The fight is usually split into 12 rounds of three minutes each.
super-heavyweight
Weight category in boxing which varies according to the federation
heavyweight
cruiserweight
light-heavyweight
super-middleweight
middleweight
light-middleweight
welterweight
light-welterweight
lightweight
super-featherweight
featherweight
super-bantamweight
bantamweight
super-flyweight
flyweight
light flyweight
straw
IBF
International boxing federation
WBA
World boxing association
WBC
World boxing council
WBO
World boxing organisation
French boxing
Combat sport in which kicking with all parts of the feet are permitted and punching with the front of the fist is also allowed
Thai boxing
Form of boxing involving punches with fists, feet, knees, elbows and legs.
canoeing and kayaking
races in either 'white' or 'dead' water
Slalom
White water course set out with gates consisting of two poles suspended vertically over the water. Competitors must negotiate the gates or face penalties
race held over 200m
race held over 500m
race held over 1000m
an enclosed boat with the competitor sitting on a fixed seat for one person using a double bladed paddle
an enclosed boat with the competitor sitting on a fixed seat for two people using double bladed paddles.
an enclosed boat with the competitor sitting on a fixed seat for four people using double bladed paddles.
One-seater canoe (open boat with competitor using a single bladed paddle.
Two-seater canoe (open boat) - competitors use a single bladed paddle.
Four-seater canoe (open boat) with each competitor using a single bladed paddle.
canoe sailing
A race involving a canoe equipped with a sail.
pontoniering
Team sport, military tradition, similar to canoe regatta, in boats
climbing
mountain sports
mountaineering
Alpine climbing
sport climbing
Sport climbing as a special category: individual competition, on an artificial wall with time measurement
cricket
Ball sport involving two teams of 11 players, balls, bats and wickets. The aim is to score as many runs as possible, and to get the opposing team 'out'. A 'run' involves a player running between two wickets. The opposing team try to get their rivals 'out'
curling
A game played on ice with large flat round stones. A player throws the stone, aiming at a target. Team mates of the player who has thrown the stone can sweep the ice in front of the stone to help smooth its path towards the target.
icestock sport
Similar to curling, played on targets on ice, different stones with straight handle and different rules, played in alpine countries
cycling
A race over a given distance on bicycles.
track
A race staged on a track in a velodrome
pursuit
Two cyclists or teams set off from midway down opposite straights and try to make up the gap between them.
Olympic sprint
Qualifying race held over 200m. From the quarter-finals two cyclists go head-to-heads. By teams races consist of three cyclists from different countries.
sprint
Races between two cyclists over two or three laps, with a timed sprint finish over the last 200m.
Keirin
Sprint between six cyclists where a pacemaker on a moped gradually increases the pace over the first 1400m. When the pacemaker leaves the track the race develops into a sprint finish over the final 6-700m.
points race
Cyclists aim to complete the highest number of laps. Bonus points are picked up in intermediate sprints held every 2500m.
Madison race
A points race by teams comprising two cyclists in relay-format.
500 m time trial
Individual race against the clock over 500m for women.
1 km time trial
Individual race over 1000m against the clock for men.
Competitors aim to complete as many kilometres as possible in one hour.
road race
Road race with all the competitor starting en masse.
road time trial
A race or stage against the clock with each cyclist setting off individually.
staging race
A race disputed by teams with the classifications determined by the combined times over a day.
cyclo-cross
Staged on various surfaces - earth, grass, sand or tarmac.
Vtt
Mountain bikes
Vtt-cross
An endurance race on mountain bikes around a 10km circuit over various terrain and with different degrees of slopes. Competitors are not allowed any exterior help.
Vtt-downhill
Individual mountain bike race against the clock staged on a downhill circuit featuring obstacles.
bi-crossing
A race where competitors have to cover a circuit with obstacles as quickly as possible.
trial
A timed race in which competitors on mountain bikes must negotiate tricky terrain and obstacles without putting their feet down.
artistic cycling
Individual or teams on one or two bicycles in an arena. Points are awarded by a jury.
cycle ball
Competitive team sport using bicycles. One team against another with two persons per team. The aim is for competitors to move the ball using the front and rear wheels without letting their feet touch the ground.
dancing
Dancing competition where couples are judged on technique and interpretation.
diving
Competitors dive off a fixed or spring board and are assessed by seven judges giving marks up to ten for their acrobatic moves.
10 m platform
Divers take off from a ten metre high platform.
10 m platform synchronised
Two competitors from the same team dive off at the same time from separate platforms. As well as being judged on the standard criteria they are also awarded marks for synchronisation.
3 m springboard
Divers dive from a three-metre high springboard.
3 m springboard synchronised
Two competitors from the same team dive off at the same time from separate three-metre high springboards. As well as being judged on the standard criteria they are also awarded marks for synchronisation.
subaquatics
Sports like hockey held under water
scuba diving
Diving into different depths, with time measurement
equestrian
Sport involving a horse and rider.
three-day event
Equestrian event involving three disciplines - Dressage, cross-country and show jumping.
dressage
A rider is judged on a series of moves at three different paces - walk, trot and gallop.
jumping
A rider and horse attempt to jump a series of obstacles in an enclosed arena against the clock.
cross country
Equestrian event held on a designated circuit in the countryside featuring artificial and natural obstacles.
fencing
Combat sport using a sword or foil.
epee
category of fencing using a weapon with a triangular cross-section blade and a large bell guard.
foil
category of fencing using a weapon with a rectangular cross-section blade and a small bell guard.
sabre
a fencing weapon with a flat blade and knuckle guard used with cutting or thrusting moves.
field Hockey
A ball sport involving two teams of 11 players using curved sticks. The aim is to score as many goals as possible.
roll hockey
Team sport similar to ice hockey, executed on 4 wheel roller skates with sticks and a ball
figure Skating
To obtain the best marks possible from nine judges who award scores after two prepared sections - both skated to music - during which competitors must attempt to achieve the greatest possible harmony between artistic flair and technical precision.
singles
The individual events comprise a short program which counts for 33.3% of the score, and the free skate which is worth 66.7%.
pairs
The pairs event comprise a short program which counts for 33.3% of the score, and the free skate which is worth 66.7%.
ice dance
Takes place over three days with, in order, two compulsory dances, the original dance (2min 30sec) and the free dance (4min).
freestyle Skiing
Competitors perform a series of breathtaking acrobatic leaps from a prepared jump. Combined with moguls, jumps and ski ballet.
moguls
Contestants attack a heavily moguled slope, performing technically challenging turns and jumps, while maintaining the most direct line from the top to the bottom of the hill.
aerials
Competitors perform a series of aerial twists and turns from a prepared jump.
artistic skiing
Competitors perform a series of artistic moves (jumps and twists) all set to music. The use of ski poles is permitted.
golf
Competitors attempt to hit a small white ball with different clubs around a course of 18 holes varying in distance. The object is to make the fewest strokes possible.
gymnastics
A sport consisting of a variety of disciplines in which gymnasts perform artistic and acrobatic moves on different apparatus. There are 6 disciplines for men and 4 for women.
floor exercise
A gymnastics floor exercise on a 12m/sq matt.
vault
gymnasts propel themselves by jumping on a trampoline after running quickly down a 25m lane
pommel horse
Gymnasts perform an uninterrupted swing motion over a handled horse using balance and strength.
uneven bars
Gymnasts run through an airborne routine swinging around and between the uneven bars.
parallel bars
Gymnasts swing and turn with guile and grace around the parallel bars.
horizontal bar
Gymnasts turn, spin and perform pirouettes around the horizontal bar.
rings
Gymnasts perform feats of balance and strength from two suspended rings.
beam
Gymnasts perform leaps and flips from the much feared balance beam just 10 cm wide.
rhythmic
A mixture of dance and gymnastic moves.
typo fixed in Name
clubs
Dance and gymnastic moves whilst juggling clubs.
hoop
A hoop is rolled and thrown whilst performing a dance routine.
ribbon
Gymnasts work through a pre-arranged routine whilst manipulating a spectacular length of ribbon.
rope
Jump and figure movements are performed while a rope is manipulated.
ball
An exercise based on suppleness of the body using a ball.
trampoline
Competitors perform complicated twists and turns whilst bouncing on the trampoline.
handball (team)
A ball game using the hands contested by two teams of seven trying to throw the ball into the opponents goal.
horse racing, harness racing
Mounted horse races.
flat racing
A horse race over a flat course.
steeple chase
A mounted horse race over at least eight classic obstacles, four of which must be different, such as the water jump, spruce fences, mud walls etc.
trotting
Horses pitched to a jockeyed buggy race in a trot round a flat course.
A long distance race including rustic obstacles such as real fences, streams and fallen trees.
ice hockey
Two teams of six heavily padded skaters try and outscore each other by hitting a puck into the opponents goal.
National Hockey League (North American)
Teams from the US and Canada make up the North American continents top league.
sledge hockey
Like ice hockey but instead of skates small sledges are used. Competitors move by pushing with the arms
Jai Alai (Pelota)
Because of the game organization, the proper identification of a specific game may require the combination of 2 subject details
fronton
The *fronton* known as *Fronton Place Libre* consists of a rectangular outdoor court plus a large pink shaped wall at one end. The two sides and the other end are left opened.
jai-alai
A *Jaï-Alai* is an indoor fronton with a 56 meters long court which is used exclusively to play *chistera-ancha*. Three walls are used in the game: the front, the back and the left hand wall.
left wall
A *fronton with left hand wall* is an indoor fronton with a 36 meters long court where Pala or Main Nue are played. Three walls are used in the game: the front, the back and the left hand wall.
trinquet
A *Trinquet* is an indoor fronton with a 28.5 meters long court surrounded by four walls. The four walls are used in the game.
rebot
The *rebot* is the game played in a fronton *place libre* with 5 players in each team. They use a *chistera* (56 cm long and 12 cm large) or bare hands.
chistera ancha
The *chistera-ancha* also called the *cesta punta* is the game played in a *jaï alai* with 1 or 2 players in each team. The players use a long curved basket called the *chistera* (68 cm long and 13 cm wide).
chistera corta
The *chistera-corta* is the game played in a fronton *place libre* with left hand wall and 3 players in each team. The players use a long curved basket called the *chistera* (56 cm long and 12 cm wide).
bare hand
The *Main Nue* (bare hand) is the ancestor of all Basque sports.
pala-ancha
The *pala-ancha* is the game played in a fronton *place libre* with 2 players in each team. The players use a heavy wooden bat *the pala* (50 cm long and 20 cm wide).
pala-corta
The *pala-corta* is the game played in a fronton with left hand wall and 2 players in each team. The players use a heavy wooden bat the *pala-corta* (50 cm long and 10 cm wide). The *pala* is the name for a heavy wooden bat.
pasaka
The *pasaka* is the name of the game played in a trinquet by teams of 2 players facing each other on each side of a net where the pelota is hit between opponents.
xare
The *xare*, is the name of the game played in a trinquet by teams of 2 players. The players use a *xare* (or the Argentina bat) 55 cm long and 16 cm wide.
judo
A defensive martial art.
Weight categoriy in Judo: open but usually over 100kg for men and over 78kg for women
half-heavyweight
Weight categoriy in Judo: up to 100kg for men and 78kg for women.
Weight categoriy in Judo: up to 90kg for men and 70kg for women.
half-middleweight
Weight categoriy in Judo: up to 81kg for men and 63kg for women.
half-lightweight
Weight categoriy in Judo: up to 73kg for men and 57kg for women.
Weight categoriy in Judo: up to 66kg for men and 52kg for women.
extra lightweight
Weight categoriy in Judo: up to 60kg for men and 48kg for women.
karate
A martial art where chops, punches, kicks and throws are used to defeat an opponent.
sparring
Boxing without competition, with padded helmets
formal exercise-DEPRECATED
lacrosse
Two teams of helmeted and padded players try and outscore each other using a netted stick and hard ball.
luge
Luge (French word for sled) is competed in singles or doubles. The competitor(s) lay on their back(s) on an open sled and race down a course. The competitor(s) and the sled must be in contact when passing the finishing line.
individual time trial event in a one seater luge
doubles
time trial for a twin berth luge
marathon
A road race where competitors run 42.195km, generally through city streets
modern pentathlon
The Modern Pentathlon comprises five events run over a single day in the following order: shooting, fencing, swimming, horse riding and running.
running
Pentathlon event
shooting
swimming
showjumping
motor racing
Motor racing where speed and trusty mechanics are key
Formula One
Single cockpit car racing where 20 or so competitors race head to head over varied circuits around the world to win Grand Prix points in an individual and constructors championship
Using less powerful motors than the Formula One, designated construction teams race over varied circuits the world over in speed races for individual and team honours over a season.
endurance
Endurance races for a driver and co-pilot using specially built cars.
Indy
North American top range professional league speed racing over circuits.
CART
North American professional league speed racing.
NHRA
NASCAR
TRUCKI
motor rallying
A season of endurance races over closed circuits including dirt tracks, roads and even snowy conditions featuring specials using adapted road cars with a driver and co-pilot.
rallying
Stage races
Cross-country race with mass start, first half of the distance in classic and the other half in free style.
changed name and added explanation in V15
rallycross
Stage races over dirt tracks
motorcycling
Races with 2, 3 or 4 wheels vehicles with a saddle and handlebars
speed-Grand-Prix
A fast and furious race where every second counts
enduro
A race of speed, endurance and regularity over varied surfaces such as through forests and on dirt tracks
grass-track
A race competed on turf
moto-ball
Team sport where drivers play a ball
moto-cross
Raced over dirt tracks featuring severe mounds
Races run over regular roads
A race of consistency and endurance over varied terrain
A road race of consistency and endurance
superbike
Engine size
125 cm3
250 cm3
500 cm3
side-cars
Of different engine sizes but attached to a side car featuring a passenger
motoGP
Capacity class 1000ccm
netball
A woman's sport similar to basketball without a board behind the basket
nordic skiing
Practiced in snowy countryside and based on power and endurance. There are classic and free style events with mass or staggered starts.
cross-country
Nordic ski race
5 km classical time
A 5km classic race in that the competitor keeps his skis parallel except on steep inclines where the scissor move is used
10 km classical style
A 10km classic race in that the competitor keeps his skis parallel except on steep inclines where the scissor move is used
10 km pursuit free style
Staggered start depending on positions with competitors using a skating like technique on skis
15 km classical style
A 15km race using the classical style of keeping skies parallel
15 km pursuit free style
15km race with staggered start using free style technique similar to a skating motion
10 km + 15 km combined
10km classic followed by 15km free-style race
30 km classical style
A 30km classic race in that the competitor keeps his skis parallel except on steep inclines where the scissor move is used
30km free style
A 30km free-style race where the most common style is the skate style where competitors slide and the skis do not need to be parallel
50 km free style
A 50km free style race where the most common style is the skate style where competitors slide and the skis do not need to be parallel
4x5 km relay
Teams of four competitors ski 5km each in relay fashion
4x10 km relay
Teams of four competitors ski 10km each in relay fashion
nordic combined
A two day competition combining the ski jump and a cross-country race.
raid
5 km pursuit free style
Cross-country skiing over a 5km course in a pursuit format
1.5 km sprint free
Cross-country skiing over a 1.5km course in a sprint format
50 km classic style
Cross-country skiing over a 50km course in a classic style format
orienteering
An individual time-trial over a route marked out by beacons. The competitor has to search out and find in a specific order. The contestant makes his way with the help of a compass and map
ski orienteering
An individual ski time-trial over a route marked out by beacons, that the competitor has to search out and find in a specific order. The contestant makes his way with the help of a compass and map
polo
With the aid of a mallet two teams of four horsemen try and knock a bamboo ball into the opponents goal over a pitch 250m long and 150m wide. The game is divided into 4, 6, or 8 time periods of 7min 30sec called chukkas.
power boating
Races between motor boats on rivers or lakes
Sprint race
Long distance race
rowing
Boat racing usually on flat calm waters with boats for 1, 2, 4 or 8 rowers
single sculls
Single person boats with two oars
double sculls
Two person boats with two oars each
quadruple sculls
Four person boats with two oars each and without a team mate to give directions
coxless pair
Two person boats with just one oar each and without a team mate to give directions
coxless four
Four person boats with just one oar each and without a team mate to give directions
eight
Eight person boats with just one oar each and without a team mate to give directions
Where a weight category is imposed on competitors
rugby league
Two teams of 13 compete on a pitch where they score tries and penalties by running with and passing an oval ball to be touched down behind the goal line or kicked between goal posts in a tough physical contest
rugby union
Two teams of 15 compete on a pitch where they score tries and penalties by running with and passing an oval ball to be touched down behind the goal line or kicked between goal posts in a tough physical contest
rugby 7
A more fun and exciting variety where two teams of 7 compete on a pitch where they score tries and penalties by running with and passing an oval ball to be touched down behind the goal line or kicked between goal posts in a tough physical contest
sailing
Sail boat racing over a route marked by buoys.
Tornado
Boat Category: two man catamaran (21m/sq mainsail) Olympic sport
soling
Boat Category: three man keel boat
49er
Boat Category: two man dinghy (8.23m/sq mainsail) Olympic sport
Europe
Boat Category: one man dinghy (4.57m/sq mainsail) Olympic sport
Laser
Boat Category: one man dinghy (4.6m/sq mainsail) Olympic sport
Boat Category: two man dinghy (7.10m/sq mainsail) Olympic sport
Finn
Boat Category: one man dinghy (10m/sq mainsail) Olympic sport
Star
Boat Category: two man keel boat (7.10m/sq mainsail) Olympic sport
flying dutchmann
Boat Category: two man dinghy
Sea racing
around the world
Open seas racing
monohull
Single hull craft
multihulls
Multi hull craft
yngling
Olympic boat-class. A race around different courses in a boat of 6.35 metres (20ft 10in) long and 1.73 metres (5ft 8in) wide, crewed in Olympic competition only by women. The number of races and the length of the courses varies.
mistral
Olympic boat class. A staged race using boats of the mistral type, which are 4.24 metres (13ft 11in) long and 1.3 metres (4ft 3in) wide. The number of races and the length of the courses varies.
Precision sport using a hand gun, rifle or shotgun
10 m air rifle
Shooting event
10 m air pistol
10 m running target
25 m rapid fire pistol
25 m sport pistol
50 m free pistol
50 m free rifle prone
50 m free rifle 3x40
50 m sport rifle 3x20
trap
Shooting event with moving targets
double trap
Shooting event with two moving targets launched at the same time
skeet
Shooting event with moving targets, competitor shoots from a series of positions
ski jumping
Competitors descend a snow covered elevated ramp on skis and try to fly off it as far as possible, receiving marks for distance, style of flight and landing
K90 jump
Competitors jump from 70m and must clear 90m distance in their jump before scoring points for it
K120 jump
Competitors jump from 90m and must clear 120m distance in their jump before scoring points for it
K180 (flying jump)
Competitors jump from 180m and must clear 180m in their jump before scoring points for it
snow boarding
Practiced with a single board (rather than two skis)
Knock-out head-to-head downhill racing
half-pipe
Over a semi-cylindrical tube of 100m competitors must perform a series of moves that are marked for style by 5 judges
soccer
Two teams of eleven try to kick or head a ball into the opponents goal over a match usually of 90 minutes
softball
Similar to baseball but with a larger and softer ball, a thinner bat, shorter gaps between bases and less innings
speed skating
Timed races competed by two skaters at a time on an oval ice track
Speed skating race over 500m
Speed skating race over 1000m
Speed skating race over 1500m
Speed skating race over 3000m
Speed skating race over 5000m
Speed skating race over 10000m
Short-track
Races of four or more skaters on an oval ice track. Qualifying, semi-finals and finals determine winners.
st 500 m
Short track speed skate race over 500m
st 1000m
Short track speed skate race over 1000m
st 1500m
Short track speed skate race over 1500m
st 3000m
Short track speed skate race over 3000m
st 3000m relay
Short track relay speed skate race over 3000m
st 5000m
Short track speed skate race over 5000m
st 5000m relay
Short track relay speed skate race over 5000m
speedway
Fast track
sports organisations
Organisations responsible for a specific sport
IOC
International Olympic Committee
international federation
A body responsible for the international coordination of a specific sport
continental federation
A body responsible for the continental coordination of a specific sport
national federation
A body responsible for the national coordination of a specific sport
GAISF
General Association of International Sports Federations
squash
A racket sport of strategy and endurance played by singles or doubles teams in a walled court with a small rubber ball
sumo wrestling
A combat sport of speed and rapidity with much ceremony where two contestants try to throw or slap a competitor out of a marked area. Generally practiced in Japan by large men.
surfing
Water sport where contestants catch and ride waves upright on a surfboard
A water sport where contestants swim as fast as possible in a given style and win races by being the first to touch home
50 m freestyle
Competitors cover 50m in any style, though front crawl is universally employed
100 m freestyle
Competitors cover 100m in any style, though front crawl is universally employed
200 m freestyle
Competitors cover 200m in any style, though front crawl is universally employed
400 m freestyle
Competitors cover 400m in any style, though front crawl is universally employed
800 m freestyle
Competitors cover 800m in any style, though front crawl is universally employed
1500 m freestyle
Competitors cover 1500m in any style, though front crawl is universally employed
relay 4x50 m freestyle
Teams of four swimmers cover 50m freestyle in a 200m race
relay 4x100 m freestyle
Teams of four swimmers cover 100m freestyle in a 400m race
relay 4x200 m freestyle
Teams of four swimmers cover 200m freestyle in a 800m race
50 m backstroke
Competitors cover 50m in the backstroke style
100 m backstroke
Competitors cover 100m in the backstroke style
200 m backstroke
Competitors cover 200m in the backstroke style
50 m breaststroke
A 50m race in the breaststroke style, on the front, effecting forward and outward push movements with the arms and backward and outward pushes with the legs
100 m breaststroke
A 100m race in the breaststroke style, on the front, effecting forward and outward push movements with the arms and backward and outward pushes with the legs
200 m breaststroke
A 200m race in the breaststroke style, on the front, effecting forward and outward push movements with the arms and backward and outward pushes with the legs
50 m butterfly
A 50m butterfly race, swum on the front with the shoulders remaining parallel to the water both arms moving in simultaneous windmill fashion, the legs remain together and are moved in a flapping motion. The most physical of all styles.
100 m butterfly
A 100m butterfly race, swum on the front with the shoulders remaining parallel to the water both arms moving in simultaneous windmill fashion, the legs remain together and are moved in a flapping motion. The most physical of all styles
200 m butterfly
A 200m butterfly race, swum on the front with the shoulders remaining parallel to the water both arms moving in simultaneous windmill fashion, the legs remain together and are moved in a flapping motion. The most physical of all styles
100 m medley
Swimmers complete four laps, each in a different style and in this order: butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle, covering a total of 100m.
200 m medley
Swimmers complete four laps, each in a different style and in this order: butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle, covering a total of 200m.
400 m medley
Swimmers complete eight laps, two in each style and in this order: butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle, covering a total of 400m.
relay 4x50 m medlay
A relay team of four, each of whom completes a single lap and each in a different style in this order: backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle in a race of 200m total.
relay4x100 m medley
A relay team of four, each of whom completes two laps and each in a different style in this order: backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle in a race of 400m total.
short course
Races competed in a 25m length pool
synchronised technical routine
Contestants obtain points from 10 sitting judges by executing certain synchronised artistic shapes and movements in the water. In the technical programme, competitors must execute a range of specific moves in a given order.
synchronised free routine
In the free programme, music, movements and their order of execution are not restricted.
table tennis
A racket sport for two or four (in doubles), who compete at a table divided by a net using a small bat to play a lightweight ball
Taekwon-Do
A martial art of Korean origin
under 49 kg
Weight category in Taekwon-Do
under 58 kg
over 67 kg
over 80 kg
tennis
A sport where two players, four in doubles, equipped with a racket compete by hitting the ball over a net into the opponent's side of the court with the aim of putting it out of reach within the regulation lines, thus winning points.
soft tennis
Tennis with a soft rubber ball. (Programme of National Sports Festival in Japan)
triathlon
An endurance multi-sport where competitors first swim, then cycle and then run a road race. Distances vary according to the competition, the Olympic version being 1.5, 40 and 10km respectively.
triathlon swimming
Triathlon event
triathlon cycling
triathlon run
volleyball
Two teams of six record points by hitting a ball over a net into the opponent's half of the court, keeping it in the air at all times. Points are won when opponents fail to return the ball.
beach volleyball
Two teams of two players compete on a sand court. Unlike indoor volleyball, points are scored only when the serving team wins a rally or forces an error. The sand surface makes it more physically demanding than volleyball.
water polo
Played in a pool between two teams of 7, who must stay afloat and can only use one hand to pass the ball or swim with it before trying to throw it into the opponents net to score goals.
water skiing
On one or two skis contestants are pulled by a power boat along the water's surface
Speed event where contestants round a course marked out by buoys
trick
Skiers perform a maximum of figures in a limited time period
jump
Skiers perform as long a jump as possible from a ramp in the water
A combined event made up of the slalom, jump and trick
weightlifting
A strength test where competitors lift as heavy a weight as possible
snatch
The bar must be lifted from floor to above the head in one movement
clean and jerk
The bar is first lifted to the shoulders and then jerk it above the head and keep it there while maintaining straight legs
48 kg
Competitor weight category in weightlifting
53 kg
63 kg
75 kg
over 75 kg
56 kg
62 kg
69 kg
77 kg
85 kg
94 kg
105 kg
over 105 kg
powerlifting
windsurfing
Contestants must complete a marked out course as fast as possible on a windsurf board
ocean
Races on the open seas
lake
Races competed on lakes
river
Races competed on rivers
land
Races competed on land with a board equipped with wheels
wrestling
Combat sport where each wrestler attempts to win over his adversary, by holding both shoulders on the ground (fall) long enough to be in control. Points can also be decisive.
freestyle
A style where leg holds are allowed
greco-roman
A style where the only holds allowed are those between the head and the belt
over 130 kg
Competitor weight category in wrestling
130 kg
97 kg
76 kg
58 kg
54 kg
Swiss wrestling
Traditional Swiss sport similar to wrestling with specific rules
sports event
Sports meeting
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Summer universiade
Winter Universiade
Commonwealth Games
Winter Goodwill Games
Summer Asian Games
Winter Asian Games
Panamerican Games
African Games
Mediterranean Games
SouthEast Asiatic Games
PanPacific Games
SouthPacific Games
PanArabic Games
Summer Goodwill Games
World games
A competition featuring world class athletes
World Cup
Sports meeting with competitors from the five continents
intercontinental cup
Sports meeting bringing together competitors from different continents
continental cup
Sports meeting where competitors come from a single continent
international cup
Sports meeting where competitors come from several nations
National Cup
Sports meeting where competitors come from a single nation
interregional cup
Sports meeting where competitors come from several regions
regional cup
Sports meeting where competitors come from a single region
league cup
A competition within a sports league
world championship
A championship where competitors from the five continents take part
intercontinental championship
A championship where competitors from the different continents take part
continental championship 1st level
A championship where top level competitors from a single continent take part
continental championship 2nd level
A championship where second string competitors from a single continent take part
continental championship 3rd level
A championship where third string competitors from a single continent take part
national championship 1st level
A championship where top level competitors from a single nation take part
national championship 2nd level
national championship3rdlevel
national championship 4th level
A championship where fourth string competitors from a single continent take part
regional championship
A championship where competitors from a single region take part
Grand Prix
High level sports competition, most often motor racing
intercontinental tournament
Tournament where competitors from several continents take part
continental tournament
Tournament where competitors from a single continent take part
international tournament
Tournament where competitors from several nations take part
national tournament
Tournament where competitors from a single nation take part
inter-nations competition
Tournament where athletes from several nations take part
inter-clubs competition
Tournament where competitors from several clubs take part
friendly competition
Sports played but not in a tournament
all-stars competition
Competition between teams made up of invited stars
exhibition
demonstration
Super Bowl
The American football final that determines the champion
paralympic games
Olympic style Games for athletes with a disability
rodeo
A discipline where wild horses or bulls must be mounted and mastered
barrel racing
Rodeo discipline
calf roping
bull riding
bulldogging
saddle bronc
bareback
goat roping
mini golf sport
A game where balls must be holed on an artificial course in as few strokes from the club as possible
bandy
Played outdoors on ice. The size of the ice rink is about the size of a soccer field. Skates like ice hockey. A small hard ball is used for playing. Players play with sticks, much like in ice hockey, but the sticks are shorter and more rounded.
flying disc
A group of events all played with a flying plastic disc. The exact regulation for the disc is different in different events but it has to be unbroken of solid plastic and a production model with no modification. Flying disc is sometimes called Frisbee.
ultimate
Team game. Played outdoors on soccer-size field with 7 players per team and indoors with 5 players per team. Games are played to a preset number of goals. Goals are scored by passing the disc to a team-member catching it inside the goal area.
guts
Team game where two teams of 5 players each face each other. Teams take turns to throw the disc towards the other team. Points are scored if the opposing team does not catch the disc.
overall
Not an event in itself but in most competitions with individual events the winner of the competition will be awarded to the player with the highest combined score in the events.
distance
The object is to throw the disc as far as possible. Each player get five throws per turn. Throws are made downwind. World record is over 200 meters.
discathon
The object is to throw and run a park course of about 1 kilometre. Four players compete in each heat. They have two discs each. They may also carry a third disc in reserve. Where one thrown disc stops the second disc must be thrown.
DDC
Abbreviation for Double Disc Court. Two players per team in a square 13x13 metre. The teams start with one disc per team and throw at each other. Discs are thrown back and forth until one or both hit the ground.
SCF
Abbreviation for Self Caught Flights. Divided into two sub events called MTA (Maximum Time Aloft) and TRC (Throw Run Catch). In both sub events the player throws a disc and then runs to catch it with one hand before it hits the ground.
A judged event where groups of two or three players perform as many tricks as possible. In competitions the judges can use either a ranking system or set scores on presentation, execution and difficulty.
accuracy
Each player has 28 throws from various distances and angles to throw the disc through a goal 1.5 x 1.5 meters. World record is 25 of 28 possible.
disc golf
Much like golf but played with discs instead of balls and clubs. Instead of a hole in the ground there is a metal basket with light metal chains to throw the disc at. Players often carry discs specialized for long throws, right or left bends.
floorball
Played indoors in a court the size of a basketball court. 6 players per team, of which one is a who plays in a kneeling position without a stick like in ice hockey. The other players use plastic clubs and a light plastic ball to pass and shoot goals.
casting
Using fishing equipment to hit a target and score points
tug-of-war
Two teams pulling against each other on a rope
croquette
Using mallets to hit a ball through hoops
dog racing
Dogs racing around a track
sled
Harnessed to a sled
oval track
Pursuing an artificial rabbit around an oval track
skeleton
In skeleton the competitor lays on his/hers stomach when racing down the course. The competitor must be on the sled when crossing the finishing line. The total time of all races in a competition is added together.
Australian rules football
Football played under Australian rules
Canadian football
Football played under Canadian rules
duathlon
Duathlon
hornuss
Swiss team sport with 16 or 18 men per team. A rubber puck is hit towards the field of the adversary team which tries to hit the puck in the air with a wooden board thrown in the air
fist ball
Men's team sport similar to volleyball (with a much lower net) executed mainly in gymnastics clubs
inline skating
Competitive sports using inline skates
grass ski
Alpine skiing on roller skis and grass
snowbiking
Individual sport on snow on a snow bike, the athlete has two mini skis, previous name: ski bob
twirling
Team competition with majorettes and a jury
kendo
Japanese traditional martial art using a bamboo sword, sometimes called Japanese fencing. (Programme of National Sports Festival in Japan)
jukendo
Japanese traditional martial art using a model rifle made of wood. *Juken* means a rifle or gun with blade (bayonet). (Programme of National Sports Festival in Japan)
naginata
Japanese traditional martial art using a pole sword made of wood. *Naginata* means a spear with a curved blade. (Programme of National Sports Festival in Japan)
kyudo
Japanese traditional martial art using a bamboo bow and arrows, sometimes called Japanese archery. (Programme of National Sports Festival in Japan)
kabaddi
The attacking side scores by touching, and the side to guard scores by capturing. The attacker continues calling it *kabaddi*.
sepak takraw
The game like volleyball which must not use a hand. The ball made of rattan is used. (Programme of National Sports Festival in Japan)
wushu
Generally, Chinese traditional martial art. (Programme of National Sports Festival in Japan)
darts
Two players compete by throwing metal darts at a wall-mounted circular board divided radially into segments of different scores
bodybuilding
A person displays pronounced muscle tone and exaggerated muscle mass and definition for overall aesthetic effect
sports disciplinary action
Actions, including fines and suspensions levied by sports organisations and teams
sports awards
Awards and honors given by sports organisations or won by sports figures
unrest, conflicts and war
Acts of socially or politically motivated protest and/or violence.
act of terror
Act of violence, often deadly, designed to raise fear and anxiety in a population
armed conflict
Disputes between opposing groups involving the use of weaponry, but not formally declared a war
civil unrest
Dissatisfaction among the general population as evidenced by rallies, strikes, demonstrations or sabotage
revolutions
An often violent change in a nation's system of government by internal forces that results in systematic social change.
rebellions
Armed uprising by citizens of a nation with the intent to overthrow the government, without necessarily achieving social change
political dissent
Disagreement between political groups, usually organized and sometimes resulting in imprisonment of the dissenters
religious conflict
Conflicts involving religious differences
social conflict
Conflicts involving social differences
coup d'etat
The overthrow of an established government by an organized group, often the military or a political party
guerrilla activity
Anti-government actions by clandestine groups using hit-and-run techniques or sabotage, kidnapping and the like
bioterrorism
Use of biological agent to raise the level of fear within a population, whether deaths occur or not.
bombings
Use of explosive devices against people, buildings or structures
massacre
The death of a large group of people over a brief period of time
genocide
Systematic killing of one clan, tribe or ethnic type by another
riots
Violent, destructive demonstrations often involving injury to individuals and destruction of property
A public show of feeling or opinion, as by a mass meeting or parade
name changed from: violent demonstration
war
A formal declaration of hostilities by one country against another
civil war
Armed conflict between members of the same nation or geographical region, in some cases with a desire to divide the nation or region.
international military intervention
Temporary use of international forces by invitation or by a decision of an outside body in another country or region for the purpose of resolving a crisis.
prisoners and detainees
People captured and imprisoned by their enemy during war or armed conflict
conflict (general)
A dispute which can be at several levels,
peacekeeping force
Varied national military forces under unified international command to maintain order in disputed areas.
crisis
Conflict of all kinds that rises to a level where, depending on events, governments can fall, war be declared or stock markets crash, or not
weaponry
Armaments of all types used to conduct war
weather
The study, reporting and prediction of meteorological phenomena.
forecast
Prediction of the course of the weather in the future either near term or long term
global change
The determination whether the Earth is getting warm, or colder, whether seas are rising or falling and the like
report
Any distributed announcement about the weather
weather news
General information about weather events
statistic
Numerical facts about the weather such as temperature, barometric pressure, river levels, humidity, high and low tides and the like
warning
Alerts to the general populace about severe weather coming their way